[en] Basic concepts of nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry are explained and the fundamental dosimetric quantities and units are presented. The methods are described of protection from external and internal irradiation with respect to personnel dosimetry. Possible sources of radioactive contamination are discussed, such as natural radionuclides, controllable and uncontrollable technogenous sources, radionuclide pathways from the source to man, and the modelling of radionuclide migration in the environment. Main attention is focused on internal contamination of man. The most important ways of how radioactive materials enter the human body are described, viz.: inhalation, ingestion, skin resorption. The distribution of radionuclides in bones and their retention in body tissues of man are discussed. Various dosimetric models are treated for determining the absorbed doses in the individual body organs. The part on internal contamination diagnostics discusses the methods of direct monitoring of radioactivity in the body and in individual organs, and the analysis of radionuclides in body fluids, excreta and other biological material. The methods are described of monitoring radioactivity in the environment and in food components. Radiochemical and radiometric techniques of determining the level of internal contamination are described in detail. The book is mainly intended for radiation protection personnel and nuclear medicine personnel and for other specialists involved in the discussed problems. (E.S.). 18 figs., 55 tabs., 490 refs

[en] The contamination of leaves of some ornamental and fruit-tree plants (18 species), herbs (6) and early leafy vegetable (2) were assessed in Bratislava and its vicinity through the first months after the Chernobyl accident. The levels of contamination showed local and temporal dependence. In October compared to its levels five months earlier, foliar contamination showed a relative 12 to 200-fold decrease of radioactivity. The effective half-life of the mixture of fission products in cumulative fallout on leaves changed on time after the accident from 4 days to 150 days. The soluble fraction of radioactive contaminants on plant foliage ranged from 0.12 to 0.64. (author) 7 refs.; 1 fig.; 3 tabs

[en] The use of a polyhedral complex/π-(3)-1,2-B₉C₂H₁₁/₂Co^- for the extraction of caesium into nitrobenzene from a mixture of radionuclides was studied. The extraction time, distribution ratios and extraction yields were determined. Gamma-spectrometry was used to show the selectivity of separation using a Ge(Li) detector. Carrier-free radionuclide stock solutions were used: Zr-95-Nb-95 oxalate Ce-144 chloride, Cs-137 chloride, Ru-106-Rh-106 nitrate, Zn-65 chloride and Co-60 chloride. (T.I.)

[en] Extractions of ¹³⁷Cs by the polyhedral complex H⁺[(π)-3-(1,2-B₉C₂H₁₁)₂Co^-], further referred to as dicarbolide-H⁺, in nitrobenzene from fresh and sour milk and milk with proteins precipitated by nitric acid were examined. The effect of the extractant concentration was assessed. The results showed that the extraction can be quantitative from any sort of milk at one order lower amount of isotopic carrier than the amount of the extractant. The retention of ¹³⁷Cs on protein precipitate in the course of multiple decantation was evaluated. The distribution ratios at various concentrations of nitric acid in milk were determined and the effect of dilution of milk before extraction was assessed. The results showed that the distribution ratios of ¹³⁷Cs from diluted milk are over 10³ and there are conditions under which the extraction is highly selective. A procedure for quantitative extraction of ¹³⁷Cs from milk was suggested. (author)

[en] When analysing low levels of ¹³⁷Cs in mixture of fission products in biological materials radiochemical separation methods can be hardly avoided. The results of ¹³⁷Cs isolation by methods used in routine work and by the developed extraction method were compared in this paper. The results of ¹³⁷Cs separation with copper and cobalt ferrocyanides, ammonium molybdophosphate and by extraction with the complex dicarbolide of cobalt, of type (π-(3)-1,2-B₉C₂H₁₁)₂Co^- were compared. The efficiency of isolation by these methods was verified during the analysis of biological materials. (author)

[en] Extraction by the polyhedral complex compound of the formula H⁺ [(π-(3)-1,2-B₉C₂H₁₁)₂Co^-] -further on referred to as dicarbolide-H⁺ - and its chloro-derivate H⁺[B₁₈C₄H₁₅Cl₇Co^-] - further or referred to as Cl-dicarbolide-H⁺ - in nitrobenzene was used for the analysis of ¹³⁷Cs in urine and feces after internal contamination. The possibilities of the isolation of ¹³⁷Cs by extraction and the isolation of ¹³⁷Cs by ion-exchange absorbents and by ammonium molybdophosphate were compared. The distribution coefficient values were determined at various concentrations of the nitric acid and the isotopic carrier. The dependence of the coextraction of some activated radionuclides and fission products by dicarbolide-H⁺ on the nitric acid concentration in the solute was determined. The effect of mass of contaminated feces on the value of the distribution ratio of ¹³⁷Cs by the extraction was evaluated. As a result, a suggestion is given for the rutine isolation procedure of ¹³⁷Cs extraction with dicarbolide-H⁺ from the excreta contaminated by a mixture of radionuclides. (author)

[en] The possibility of the use of chlorinated cobalt dicarbolide, H⁺C₄B₁₈H₁₅Cl₇Co^-, in nitrobenzene for the selective extraction of ¹³⁷Cs from mixtures of ⁹⁵Zr-⁹⁵Nb, ¹⁰⁶Ru-¹⁰⁶Rh and ¹⁴⁴Ce was studied. The effect of aqueous phase acidity on the distribution ratio of Cs, Ru and Zr as well as the effect of the amount of isotopic and non-isotopic carriers of alkali metals on the distribution ratio were determined. Separation factors for cesium from ruthenium, zirconium 'ar'd cerium were calculated, all being extracted from nitric acid solutions. The efficiency of cesium separation was verified by gamma-spectrometry. (author)

No abstract available

[en] A rapid and simple method of selective concentration and separation of ¹³⁷Cs from a mixture of long-lived fission products using extraction chromatography was suggested. The polytrifluorochloroethylene KEL-F of 4x10^-5 m in diameter was used as a solid support for the dicarbolide-H⁺ or its chloroderivative in nitrobenzene within the concentration range from 0.22 to 0.3M. A simple radiometric technique can be used for the determination of ¹³⁷Cs. The new method can be recommended for the concentration of ¹³⁷Cs from large volumes of solutions of mineralizates of biological material. (author)

No abstract available