[en] The objectives of this article are: (1) to develop the fault trees for control loops in a way that they all appear in a proper form and as modules in the fault tree for the whole system; and also (2) to modularize each control loop in a system properly to establish its unit model. These two methods are essentially equivalent. Either of them can be applied to facilitate constructing fault trees for the whole system. To accomplish such equivalent or parallel objectives, we will first take the feedback and feedforward control loops in the heat exchanger system as examples and then: (1) construct the fault trees of deviations in controlled variable for the two control loops in the way that all of their non-basic terminal events should be deviations in variables on those streams that connect to the loop from their outside in the system; and (2) establish the unit model for each of such two loops. One of the purposes of (2), which will not be addressed here, is to regard each control loop as a dummy unit and hence reduce the system to facilitate system input and fault tree construction eventually for complete automation purpose

[en] Studies on the soil erosion rate for aeolian grassland are crucial for accessing the effect of grassland restoration. Sandy land is widely distributed in the alpine grassland areas of Northern Tibet where the conflict between grass and livestock is severe. In order to effectively curb grassland degradation and reduce desertification, a series of protection projects have been implemented in that area. However, due to the lack of continuous observations in the field, the quantitative research on soil erosion process of alpine grassland has been relatively lagging behind, especially the impact of protection projects on soil erosion is difficult to evaluate. We compared soil erosion rates with and without fence protections through 137Cs and 210Pbex trace technique. We also combined soil erosion in sand source areas with vegetation and a near-source climbing dune to illustrate the effect of fence protection. The results showed that: (1) The area of fence protection reduced soil erosion, the soil erosion rates of 137Cs and 210Pbex in fenced protected area were 0.99 t·ha-1·yr-1 and -0.12 t·ha-1·yr-1, respectively, while those in free grazing areas were 3.68 t·ha-1·yr-1 and 0.46 t·ha-1·yr-1, respectively. (2) Fence protection significantly improved vegetation coverage, the average NDVI of fenced protected areas increased by 0.027 from 2011 to 2019, with a growth rate of 67.43%. The average NDVI in fenced protected areas in 2019 was 1.34 times that of free grazing areas. (3) After the implementation of the fence protection in the sand source area, the climbing dune had shown a development trend from mobile to semi-fixed dune from the foot of the climbing dune to the middle (about 100m distance). Therefore, our results highlighted that fence protection was the major reason for the mitigation of soil erosion in the alpine grasslands, which were the source of sand, and their climbing dunes. The results can be used as a reference for the evaluation of grassland restoration effectiveness on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Keywords: Soil erosion; Radionuclides; Fence protection; Alpine grassland; Climbing dune

[en] Residual radionuclide inventory guidelines were derived for the high-level waste tanks at a vitrification facility. The decommissioning scenario assumed for this derivation was that the tanks were to be stabilized at the present locations and the site is released for unrestricted use following a 100-year institutional control period. It was assumed that loss of institutional control would occur at 100-years following tank closure. The derivation of the residual radionuclide inventory guidelines was based on the requirement that the effective dose equivalent (EDE) to a hypothetical individual who lives in the vicinity of the site should not exceed a dose of 0.15 mSv/yr off-site and 5 mSv/yr on-site following closure of the tanks. The RESRAD computer code, modified for exposure scenarios specific for the site, was used for this evaluation. The results of the derivation indicate that the allowable off-site dose limit will not be exceeded. The estimated potential doses to individuals using water offsite from a creek are negligibly small fractions of the 0.15 mSv/yr allowable dose limit. With an assumed 3% heel remaining in the tanks, the estimated peak dose rate for the future offsite water user is about 0.00025 mSv/yr. The residual radionuclide inventory guidelines derived based on potential doses to the on-site resident farmer indicate that, with the exception of Tc-99 and C-14, a 3% heel remaining in the tanks would not result in doses exceeding the 5 mSv/yr allowable dose limit. For this on-site exposure scenario, the peak dose rates occur at about 2000 years after tank closure. The peak dose rate is calculated to be 25 mSv/yr, with greater than 99% produced by four radionuclides: C-14, Tc-99, Np-237, and Am-241. Ingestion of contaminated vegetation contributes most (90%) of the peak dose. Since the inventories used for the derivation are mostly estimated from fuel depletion calculations. There is a need to determine further the actual inventories of these radionuclides in tank heels after vitrification. If these relatively mobile radionuclides still remain in the tanks, specific methods to remove them should be fully investigated. (author)

[en] We report here measurement of the cross section of $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to {\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}\psi (2S)$ between 4.0 and 5.5 GeV, based on an analysis of initial state radiation events in a $980{\mathrm{fb}}^{-1}$ data sample recorded with the Belle detector. The properties of the $Y(4360)$ and $Y(4660)$ states are determined. Fitting the mass spectrum of ${\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}\psi (2S)$ with two coherent Breit-Wigner functions, we discover two solutions with identical mass and width but different couplings to electron-positron pairs: $M_{Y(4360)}=(4347\pm 6\pm 3)\mathrm{MeV}/c^2$, ${\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{Y(4360)}=(103\pm 9\pm 5)\mathrm{MeV}$, $M_{Y(4660)}=(4652\pm 10\pm 8)\mathrm{MeV}/c^2$, ${\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{Y(4660)}=(68\pm 11\pm 1)\mathrm{MeV}$; and $\mathcal{B}[Y(4360)\to {\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}\psi (2S)]·{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{Y(4360)}^{e^{+}{e}^{-}}=(10.9\pm 0.6\pm 0.7)\mathrm{eV}$ and $\mathcal{B}[Y(4660)\to {\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}\psi (2S)]·{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{Y(4660)}^{e^{+}{e}^{-}}=(8.1\pm 1.1\pm 0.5)\mathrm{eV}$ for one solution; or $\mathcal{B}[Y(4360)\to {\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}\psi (2S)]·{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{Y(4360)}^{e^{+}{e}^{-}}=(9.2\pm 0.6\pm 0.6)\mathrm{eV}$ and $\mathcal{B}[Y(4660)\to {\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{=}\psi (2S)]·{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{Y(4660)}^{e^{+}{e}^{-}}=(2.0\pm 0.3\pm 0.2)\mathrm{eV}$ for the other. Here, the first errors are statistical and the second systematic. Evidence for a charged charmoniumlike structure at $4.05\mathrm{GeV}/c^2$ is observed in the ${\pi }^{\pm }\psi (2S)$ intermediate state in the $Y(4360)$ decays. decays.

[en] Splenomegaly is frequently found in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients. This study evaluated the implications of splenic volume change in response to radioimmunotherapy (RIT). Twenty-nine NHL patients treated with radiolabeled-Lym-1 and 9 breast cancer patients (reference group) treated with radiolabeled-ChL6, BrE-3 or m170 were analyzed using CT splenic images obtained before and after RIT. Patient-specific radiation doses to spleen were determined using actual splenic volume determined by CT and body weight. In 13 of 29 NHL patients who had splenic volume (le) 310 ml, there was no or small change (-23 to 15 mL) in splenic volume, despite splenic doses as high as 14.4 Gy. Similarly, in a reference group of 9 breast cancer patients, there was no or small change (-5 to 13 mL), despite splenic doses as high as 11.4 Gy. In contrast, 13 of 29 NHL patients who had splenic volume 380-1400 mL, splenic volume decreased by 68 to 548 mL despite splenic doses as low as 1.40 Gy. Ten of 29 NHL patients with greater than a 15% decrease in splenic volume after RIT had nodal tumor regression (5 CR, 5 PR). In the remaining 19 NHL patients with less than a 15% decrease in splenic volume after RIT, there were 7 non-responders (5 CR and 7 PR). Splenic volume changes were found in NHL patients with splenomegaly. These splenic volume changes is likely due to therapeutic effect on malignant lymphocytes associated with splenomegaly. Nodal tumor response was more likely when splenomegaly decreased after RIT

[en] The cross section for $e^{+}{e}^{-<!--\; ???\; -->}$$\to <!--\; ???\; -->$$\mathrm{\eta <!--\; ??\; -->}J/\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}$ between $\sqrt{s}=3.8GeV/c^2$ and 5.3 $GeV/c^2$ is measured via initial state radiation using 980 $f{b}^{-<!--\; ???\; -->1}$ of data on and around the $\mathrm{{\rm Y}<!--\; ??\; -->}(nS)(n=1,2,3,4,5)$ resonances collected with the Belle detector at KEKB. Two resonant structures at the $\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}(4040)$ and $\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}(4160)$ are observed in the $\mathrm{\eta <!--\; ??\; -->}J/\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}$ invariant mass distribution. Fitting the mass spectrum with the coherent sum of two Breit-Wigner functions, one obtains $B$($\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}(4040)\to <!--\; ???\; -->\mathrm{\eta <!--\; ??\; -->}J/\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}$)$\cdot <!--\; ???\; -->{\mathrm{\Gamma <!--\; ??\; -->}}_{e^{+}{e}^{-<!--\; ???\; -->}}^{\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}(4040)}$ = ($4.8\pm <!--\; ??\; -->0.9\pm <!--\; ??\; -->1.4$) eV and $B$($\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}(4160)\to <!--\; ???\; -->\mathrm{\eta <!--\; ??\; -->}J/\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->})\cdot <!--\; ???\; -->{\mathrm{\Gamma <!--\; ??\; -->}}_{ee}^{\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}(4160)}$ = ($4.0\pm <!--\; ??\; -->0.8\pm <!--\; ??\; -->1.4$) eV for one solution and $B$($\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}(4040)\to <!--\; ???\; -->\mathrm{\eta <!--\; ??\; -->}J/\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}$)$\cdot <!--\; ???\; -->{\mathrm{\Gamma <!--\; ??\; -->}}_{ee}^{\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}(4040)}$ = ($11.2\pm <!--\; ??\; -->1.3\pm <!--\; ??\; -->1.9$) eV and $B$($\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}(4160)\to <!--\; ???\; -->\mathrm{\eta <!--\; ??\; -->}J/\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}$)$\cdot <!--\; ???\; -->{\mathrm{\Gamma <!--\; ??\; -->}}_{ee}^{\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}(4160)}$ = ($13.8\pm <!--\; ??\; -->1.3\pm <!--\; ??\; -->2.0$) eV for the other solution, where the first errors are statistical and the second are systematic. This is the first measurement of this hadronic transition mode of these two states, and the partial widths to $\mathrm{\eta <!--\; ??\; -->}J/\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}$ are found to be about 1 MeV. There is no evidence for the $Y(4260)$, $Y(4360)$, $\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}(4415)$, or $Y(4660)$ in the $\mathrm{\eta <!--\; ??\; -->}J/\mathrm{\psi <!--\; ??\; -->}$ final state, and upper limits of their production rates in $e^{+}{e}^{-<!--\; ???\; -->}$ annihilation are determined.

[en] An alpha/beta emitter measurement system used to calibrate surface sources following the guidelines of ISO 8769 has been established in Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) around the year 2000. This system consists of a windowless proportional counter with a uniformity of 0.28% when measuring the emission rate of a source on a centered area of 100 mmx150 mm, and a uniformity of 0.62% when the source area was 150 mmx200 mm. Four 100 mmx150 mm sources (⁹⁰Sr+⁹⁰Y, ³⁶Cl, ¹⁴C and ²⁴¹Am) had been measured by this system. The measurement results of the above four sources when compared with those of National Physical Laboratory, UK (NPL) showed difference between the two laboratories of <1%

[en] The process e⁺e^– → γχ_cJ (J = 1, 2) is studied via initial state radiation using 980 fb^–1 of data at and around the Υ(nS) (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) resonances collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e⁺e^– collider. Here, no significant signal is observed except from ψ(2S) decays. Upper limits on the cross sections between √s = 3.80 and 5.56 GeV are determined at the 90% credibility level, which range from a few pb to a few tens of pb. We also set upper limits on the decay rate of the vector charmonium [ψ(4040), ψ(4160), and ψ(4415)] and charmoniumlike [Y(4260), Y(4360), and Y(4660)] states to γχ_cJ.

[en] We report the experimental observations of deterministic chaos in a steady-state plasma which is not driven by any extra periodic forces. Two routes to chaos have been found, period-doubling and intermittent chaos. The fine structures in chaos such as periodic windows and bifurcations in windows have also been observed

[en] Domain wall (DW) contribution to the magnetoresistance (MR) is illustrated by direct observation of field-dependent magnetic force microscope images that are correlated with MR curves for micron sized zigzag wires. The Permalloy zigzag wires were formed using focused ion beam milling, a simple one-step microfabrication technique. Our results show domain walls cause a decrease in the resistance that is more closely associated with the creation of a large amount of DWs in each segment of the zigzag wire than with the DWs pinned at the corners