[en] Track widths of stopped heavy ions in the electron-sensitive N-4 nuclear emulsion are measured by MD-100 microdensitometer and a filar micrometer methods. The nuclei have charges of 2≤Z≤6 and velocities β≤0.1. The experimental track widths are found to be proportional to Z_eff·β, which is consistent with the sensitized cylinder model of track structure

[en] The multiplicity distributions and the correlations of shower, grey track and black track particles emerged in the forward (θ≤90 degree) and backward (θ>90 degree) hemisphere in case of ¹⁶O-Em interactions at 4.5 AGeV/c are discussed. The results show that the distributions of gray and shower particles emerged in the forward and backward hemispheres are very different, but for black track particles no distinct difference is observed. The linear dependence of the multiplicity of produced particles in the forward and backward hemispheres is observed. The average values of shower and gray particles in the forward hemisphere increase strongly with the increasing of the number of shower and gray particles in the backward hemisphere, and this increasing slope increases with the increasing of beam masses (the same energy). However, the mean number of gray and shower tracks in the backward increases weakly with the increasing of the number of gray and shower tracks in the forward hemisphere, and this increasing slope decreases with the increasing of beam masses (the same energy)

[en] The propagation of a normal incident electromagnetic plane wave in a mixture of rare plasma and dense neutral gas is investigated by one dimensional model. The numerical results show that the amplitude of wave electric field is decayed dramatically and its phase is modulated obviously in a distance of a few wave lengths due to the frequent collisions between electrons and neutrals (the collision frequency ν_c is near or even larger than the wave frequency ω₀). (authors)

[en] A gliding arc discharge driven by magnetic field at atmospheric pressure can generate non-equilibrium plasma with good confinement property, and has extensive application in the areas of microelectronic fabrication, environmental engineering, etc. The magnetic circuit of the generator is designed with the permeance method, and analytic expression is obtained on the magnetic induction, the permeant magnetic material thickness and length of air gap. The results have been compared with those of the finite element method, the difference is 3.1%. But the permeance method is more concise and convenient and more universal and economical. So the permeance method is a more credible and useful engineering arithmetic

[en] When an electromagnetic (EM) wave propagates in an atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) layer, its attenuation depends on the APP parameters such as the layer width, the electron density and its profile and collision frequency between electrons and neutrals. This paper proposes that a combined parameter-the product of the line average electron density n-bar and width d of the APP layer (i.e., the total number of electrons in a unit volume along the wave propagation path) can play a more explicit and decisive role in the wave attenuation than any of the above individual parameters does. The attenuation of the EM wave via the product of n-bar and d with various collision frequencies between electrons and neutrals is presented

[en] The Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge was observed in a surface discharge generator. The frequency of ac power supply is more than 10 kHz and the sinusoidal peak-to-peak applied voltage is 12 kV. The electric field intensities in two kinds of surface discharge generators are calculated by the Boundary Element Method. Then a two-dimensional fluid model was used to simulate the ion trapping and electron trapping in a surface discharge just before the discharge. The simulation results are in good agreement with the observation

[en] The propagating behaviours, i.e. phase shift, transmissivity, reflectivity and absorptivity, of an electromagnetic (EM) wave in a two-dimensional atmospheric pressure plasma layer are described by the numerical solutions of integral-differential Maxwell's equations through a generalized finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) algorithm. These propagating behaviours are found to be strongly affected by five factors: two EM wave characteristics relevant to the oblique incident and three dimensionless factors. The two EM wave factors are the polarization mode (TM mode or TE mode) and its incident angle. The three dimensionless factors are: the ratio of the maximum electron density to the critical density n₀/n_cr, the ratio of the plasma layer width to the wave length d/λ, and the ratio of the collision frequency between electrons and neutrals to the incident wave frequency v_e0/f.

[en] The propagation property of an electromagnetic wave in a thin plasma layer at high pressure is investigated with the finite-difference time-domain method. The effects of the non-uniformity of plasma distribution, and the frequency of incident wave on the propagation property of the electromagnetic wave are discussed. Numerical results indicate that the phase shift and the reflectivity of wave are sensitive to plasma density distribution, and reflectivity is lower at the middle band of frequency for different plasma distributions. (authors)

[en] Evaluation of key metrics for congestion management, including the congestion rents and the financial transmission rights (FTR) payoffs, requires the efficient allocation of transmission services and the calculation of appropriate locational marginal prices (LMPs). This requirement is particularly acute when there are bilateral transactions coexisting with the centralized pool markets. We propose a new formulation for this purpose, which captures explicitly the contribution of the bilateral transactions to the social welfare. The proposed formulation effectively integrates the pool market and the bilateral transactions on a consistent basis and results in the more efficient allocation of the transmission resources than the conventional tool. We assess analytically the capabilities of the proposed formulation and solution and quantify the improvements in the evaluations over those done using the conventional approach. Such improvements are also illustrated using simulation results on a wide range of test systems including the IEEE 118-bus network. (author)

[en] Using a two -dimensional hybrid-model with self-consistent microwave absorption, the variations of plasma parameters such as ionization rate, plasma density, plasma potential, and electron temperature with operation conditions were studied. Results of simulation show that nonlinear phenomena such as region character, saturation, and oscillation of plasma parameters can be developed when the operation conditions (pressure, power) were changed