Filters
Results 1 - 10 of 15
Results 1 - 10 of 15.
Search took: 0.018 seconds
Sort by: date | relevance |
Lindquist, D.A.
Area-wide control of fruit flies and other insect pests. Joint proceedings of the international conference on area-wide control of insect pests and the fifth international symposium on fruit flies of economic importance2000
Area-wide control of fruit flies and other insect pests. Joint proceedings of the international conference on area-wide control of insect pests and the fifth international symposium on fruit flies of economic importance2000
AbstractAbstract
[en] Conventional Insect Control The usual approach to insect control is to treat the commodity only after a damaging population of insects has developed. In other words, the producer, home owner or casual gardener fights a defensive battle. He reacts to an insect attack. When he sees the enemy or the damage caused by the enemy, he loads up his sprayer with an insecticide and mounts a counter attack. Most insect control procedures are applied by an individual producer on his own relatively small production area. This conventional insect control approach encourages the producer to make his own decisions about whether or not any insect control is to be used, which insect control method or product to use, when to use it, how to use it, who applies it, etc. Advice to producers on insect control is usually available from government extension personnel, private insect control consultants or representatives of companies that sell insecticides or other insect control materials or methods. The conventional procedure results in great variability in the efficacy of insect control because each producer makes his own decisions. The objective of conventional insect control is to protect the commodity. This is usually accomplished by treating the commodity, be it cows or corn or rice in a warehouse. Conventional insect control requires virtually no planning to achieve results. The 'programme' is short-term, frequently measured in days until the next insecticide application is needed. It is reactive (defensive). Area-wide Insect Control Area-wide insect control is applied against an important insect pest over a relatively large area involving many individual producers of the same or similar crops. The 'area' is a combination of geography and the range of hosts of the target insect pest. The term 'area' in 'area-wide' refers to the area where the target insect population survives. The area is not limited to production of the major crop(s) to be protected. It is very likely that a large part of the cost of an area-wide programme will be fighting the target pest away from the commercial production - before the commercial crops are susceptible - on wild or alternate hosts or abandoned orchards, untreated host plants in homeowners' gardens, etc. In most cases, area-wide insect control will be the responsibility of a separate organisation hired by the producers. A separate organisation can plan an aggressive offense against the target pest population over the entire area. High technology systems can be effectively utilised to plan the population management programme. Included will be satellite imagery to detect alternate hosts, sensitive methods to detect movement of the pest populations, computer programmes to predict changes in the pest insect population based on biological parameters, a systems approach to utilise natural enemies on an area-wide basis, genetic analysis to detect the development of resistance and utilisation of systems to delay the development of resistance over the total area. Further, area-wide programmes encourage the use of specialised methods of insect control that are not effective or are not used on a farm by farm basis. These include the sterile insect technique (SIT), male annihilation, inundative releases of parasites, mating inhibitors, large-scale trap cropping with very attractive plants, treatment of alternate hosts on public lands and hosts in private gardens, etc. The objective of area-wide control is to reduce the pest population within the target area to a non-economic level. This is accomplished by attacking the entire insect pest population in the target area. Conventional insect control attempts to protect the plant or animal, is carried out by individual producers over a small area with little planning, is short-term, low technology and is a reactive (defense) approach to insect control. Area-wide insect control attempts to reduce the pest population to a non-economic level over a large area involving many individual producers, is conducted by a special organisation which will carry out a thoroughly planned long-term proactive (offense) approach to insect control. High technology systems that reduce costs and environmental problems and increase efficacy will be used
Primary Subject
Source
Tan, Keng-Hong (ed.); International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome (Italy); International Fruit Fly Steering Committee, Universiti Sains Malaysia (Malaysia); Working Group on Malaysian Fruit Flies (Malaysia); 816 p; ISBN 983-861-195-6; ; 2000; p. 13-19; Joint international conference on area-wide control of insect pests; Penang (Malaysia); 28 May - 2 Jun 1998; 5. international symposium on fruit flies of economic importance; Penang (Malaysia); 1-5 Jun 1998
Record Type
Book
Literature Type
Conference
Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
Related RecordRelated Record
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
AbstractAbstract
[en] Published in summary form only
Primary Subject
Source
European Society of Nuclear Methods in Agriculture (ESNA); 238 p; 1988; p. 132; 19. annual meeting of the European society of nuclear methods in agriculture; Vienna (Austria); 29 Aug - 2 Sep 1988
Record Type
Miscellaneous
Literature Type
Conference
Report Number
Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
Related RecordRelated Record
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
AbstractAbstract
No abstract available
Primary Subject
Source
Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna (Austria); 16 p; ISSN 1011-274X; ; May 1992; p. 14
Record Type
Miscellaneous
Report Number
Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
Related RecordRelated Record
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
Han, H.N.; Lindquist, D.A.; Haggerty, J.S.; Seyferth, D.
Funding organisation: National Science Foundation, Washington, DC (United States)
Proceedings of the synthesis and processing of ceramics emdash scientific issues1992
Funding organisation: National Science Foundation, Washington, DC (United States)
Proceedings of the synthesis and processing of ceramics emdash scientific issues1992
AbstractAbstract
[en] Preceramic polysilazane was added to high purity Si powders as a reactive binder during synthesis of reaction bonded Si3N4 parts to improve the defect structures in both the unfired and nitrided parts. This study examined how the presence of Si powder affected the polymer-to-ceramic transformation of the polysilazane. Pyrolysis of both polysilazane and polysilazane + Si samples were characterized by TGA. Also, the gaseous volatiles evolved during pyrolysis were characterized by infrared and mass spectrometry. This paper reports on the results which show that between 100-550 degrees C, silicon powder inhibits the loss of silazane oligomers from the polysilazane. However, for temperatures above 550 degrees C, the weight loss differences between the pure polysilazane and the polysilazane + Si samples were less pronounced. Specific solvents used in the preparation of the polysilazane + Si mixtures affected the quantity and type of species in the volatiles during pyrolysis
Primary Subject
Secondary Subject
Source
Rhine, W.E. (Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, Cambridge, MA (United States)); Shaw, T.M. (IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY (United States)); Gottschall, R.J. (DOE, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Washington, DC (United States)); Chen, Y. (Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN (United States)); 585 p; ISBN 1-55899-143-3; ; 1992; p. 391-396; Materials Research Society; New York, NY (United States); Annual fall meeting of the Materials Research Society; Boston, MA (United States); 2-6 Dec 1991; CONF-911202--; Materials Research Society, 9800 McKnight Rd., Suite 327, Pittsburgh, PA 15237 (United States)
Record Type
Book
Literature Type
Conference
Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
AbstractAbstract
[en] The sterile insect technique (SIT), which uses radiation to sexually sterilize insects and prevent reproduction, is particularly effective in eradicating harmful insects. The Joint Division of the IAEA/FAO has been involved in the use of isotopes and radiation in insect control since 1964. Efforts by the IAEA and FAO to transfer the SIT technology to developing countries are continuing by providing valuable research and development support for field projects. The cooperative SIT project against the tse tse fly was very successful in eradicating this harmful pest from the north-central Nigeria. A similar SIT project is actually underway to eradicate the Mediteranean fruit fly in Mexico
Primary Subject
Source
Translated from International Atomic Energy Agency Bulletin (1987) v. 29(2) p. 9-12.
Record Type
Journal Article
Literature Type
Translation
Journal
Aalam Al-Zarra; CODEN AAALE; (no.8); p. 61-66
Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
AbstractAbstract
[en] The article describes the increased use of nuclear techniques in controlling harmful insects. The sterile insect technique (SIT), which uses radiation to sexually sterilize insects and prevent reproduction, is particularly effective in eradication programmes. At the present time, there are approximately 10 species of insect pests being attacked by the SIT. Research and development is being conducted on other insect species and it is anticipated that the technology will be more widely used in the future
Primary Subject
Record Type
Journal Article
Journal
Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
AbstractAbstract
[en] Pesticides are chemicals used to control pests such as insects, weeds, plant diseases, nematodes, and rodents. The increased use of pesticides since 1945 has greatly aided the increase in crop production, protected livestock from diseases such as trypanosomiasis, protected man from diseases such as malaria and filarisis, decreased losses of stored grain, and has generally improved man's welfare. Despite the enormous benefits derived from pesticides these chemicals are not problem-free. Many pesticides are toxic to living organisms and interfere with specific biochemical systems. To measure the very small quantities of a pesticide radiolabelled chemicals are frequently essential, particularly to measure changes in the chemical structure of the pesticide, movement of the pesticide in soil, plants, or animals, amounts of pesticide going through various steps in food processing, etc. The use of radiolabelled pesticides is shortly shown for metabolism of the pesticide in crop species, metabolism in ruminant, in chickens and eggs, in soil, and possibly leaching and sorption in soil, hydrolysis, bio-concentration, microbial and photodegradation, and toxicity studies
Primary Subject
Record Type
Journal Article
Journal
IAEA Bulletin; ISSN 0020-6067; ; v. 23(3); p. 37-39
Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
Plapp, F.W. Jr.; Lindquist, D.A.
Radiation and Radioisotopes Applied to Insects of Agricultural Importance. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Use and Application of Radioisotopes and Radiation in the Control of Plant and Animal Insect Pests1963
Radiation and Radioisotopes Applied to Insects of Agricultural Importance. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Use and Application of Radioisotopes and Radiation in the Control of Plant and Animal Insect Pests1963
AbstractAbstract
[en] The use of radioisotopes has been of great value in the development of systemic insecticides for the control of insect pests of both plants and animals. General patterns of absorption, circulation and localization, metabolism, and the site and nature of residues have been determined more rapidly through the use of labelled materials than would have been possible by other available methods of analysis. Information gained in studies with labelled insecticides has enabled entomologists to leam why some chemicals are relatively more toxic to insects than to mammals and why some are safer for use with certain types of mammal than with others. Results of these studies have led to the development of new methods for controlling insect pests. Hitherto unsuspected metabolic pathways have been elucidated and new methods of analysis have been developed. Labelled insecticides have been essential in developing basic information on plant systemics. Radioisotopes have made it possible to follow the absorption, translocation and metabolism of systemic insecticides in plants. Also, the chemicals can be followed into insects that feed on treated plants and their metabolism and excretion can then be studied in the insects. By utilizing labelled materials it has been shown that cotton plants grown from seed treated with systemic insecticides absorb less than 5% of the applied dose. Other studies have demonstrated that systemic insecticides are not readily translocated from treated leaves to new growth. The use of radioisotopes in studying systemic insecticides will increase in the future. More emphasis is being placed on basic physiological studies on the fate of insecticides in plants, animals, and insects. Another area where isotopes should be used rather extensively is in studies designed to improve methods of application of systemic insecticides. (author)
[fr]
L'emploi de radioisotopes s'est revele tres utile pour la mise au point d'insecticides endotherapiques pour la lutte contre les insectes nuisibles aux vegetaux et aux animaux. On a pu determiner plus rapidement divers processus generaux - absorption, circulation, localisation, metabolisme, emplacement et nature des residus - grace a des.produits marques que par les methodes d 'analyse utilisees auparavant. Les renseignements obtenus a la suite des etudes faites au moyen d'insecticides marques ont permis aux entomologistes de decouvrir pourquoi certains produits chimiques sont plus toxiques pour les insectes que pour les mammiferes et pour quelles raisons l'emploi de quelques-uns d'entre eux presente moins de danger pour certains mammiferes que pour d'autres. Les resultats de ces etudes ont permis de mettre au point de nouvelles methodes de lutte contre les insectes nuisibles. On a pu aussi expliquer certaines transformations metaboliques insoupconnees jusqu'a present et elaborer de nouvelles methodes d'analyse. L'emploi d'insecticides marques a joue un role essentiel dans le rassemblement de donnees fondamentales sur les proprietes endotherapiques des plantes. Les radioisotopes ont permis, en effet, de suivre l'absorption, la translocation et le metabolisme d'insecticides endotherapiques dans les plantes. On peut aussi suivre les produits chimiques dans les insectes qui se nourrissent sur les plantes traitees et etudier ainsi leur metabolisme et leur excretion. En utilisant des produits marques, on a pu montrer que les cotonniers issus de semences traitees au moyen d'insecticides endotherapiques absorbent moins de 5% de la dose appliquee. D'autres etudes ont prouve que les insecticides endotherapiques ne sont pas facilement transportes des feuilles traitees aux nouvelles pousses. L'emploi de radioisotopes dans l'etude des insecticides endotherapiques est appele a s'etendre, en particulier pour les etudes physiologiques fondamentales sur la transformation des insecticides dans les plantes, les animaux et les insectes. Les radioisotopes devraient aussi etre largement utilises dans les etudes visant a ameliorer les modes d'application des insecticides endotherapiques. (author)[es]
Los radioisotopos han sido de gran utilidad en la preparacion de insecticidas de accion indirecta para combatir los insectos nocivos para las plantas y los animales. Gracias al empleo de sustancias marcadas se han podido determinar los esquemas generales de absorcion, circulacion y localizacion, el metabolismo, el lugar donde se depositan los residuos y el caracter de estos, con mas rapidez que con otros metodos de analisis. Gracias a los estudios hechos con insecticidas marcados, los entomologos han podido averiguar por que ciertos productos son relativamente mas toxicos para los insectos que para los mamiferos, y por que algunos son menos peligrosos para ciertos tipos de mamiferos que para otros. Los resultados han permitido desarrollar nuevos metodos de lucha contra los insectos. Se han descubierto procesos metabolicos hasta ahora ignorados y se han desarrollado nuevos metodos de analisis. Empleo de insecticidas marcados ha sido esencial para averiguar datos fundamentales de fitofisiologia. Con los radioisotopos se han podido seguir en las plantas los procesos de absorcion, translocacion y metabolismo de los insecticidas de accion indirecta. Tambien es posible seguirlos en los insectos que se alimenten con las plantas tratadas, y estudiar su metabolismo y excrecion. Por ejemplo, se ha demostrado que las plantas de algodon nacidas de semillas tratadas con insecticidas de accion indirecta absorben menos del 5% de la dosis aplicada. Otros estudios han demostrado que estos insecticidas no pasan facilmente de las hojas tratadas a los brotes nuevos. En el futuro se emplearan cada vez mas los radioisotopos para estudiar los insecticidas de accion indirecta. Los estudios fisiologicos basicos de los procesos que sufren los insecticidas en las plantas, animales e insectos adquieren cada vez mas importancia. Tambien convendria emplear mas intensamente los radioisotopos en los estudios destinados a mejorar los metodos de aplicacion de los insecticidas de accion indirecta. (author)[ru]
Ispol'zovanie radioizotopov okazalos',ves'ma tsennym pri vyrabotke sistemnykh insektitsidov dlya istrebleniya nasekomykh-vreditelej rastenij i zhivotnykh. Obshchaya kartina pogloshcheniya, tsirkulyatsii i lokalizatsii, metabolizma, a takzhe mestonakhozhdeniya i kharaktera ostatochnykh kolichestv insektitsidov byli bolee bystro opredeleny s pomoshch'yu mechenykh materialov, chem ehto bylo vozmozhno pri drugikh metodakh analiza. Svedeniya, priobretennye ehntomologami s pomoshch'yu mechenykh insektitsidov, dali im vozmozhnost' vyyasnit', pochemu nekotorye iz khimikalij otnositel'no bolee toksichny dlya nasekomykh, chem dlya mlekopitayushchikh, i pochemu nekotorye iz nikh predstavlyayutsya bolee bezopasnymi dlya odnikh vidov mlekopitayushchikh, chem dlya drugikh. Rezul'taty ehtikh issledovanij priveli k vyrabotke novykh metodov istrebleniya vrednykh nasekomykh. Byli vyyavleny novye neizvestnye do sikh por puti metabolizma i vyrabotany novye metody analiza. Mechenye insektitsidy okazalis' chrezvychajno vazhnymi dlya polucheniya osnovnoj informatsii o rastitel'nykh sistemakh. Primenenie radioizotopov dalo vozmozhnost' prosledit' za pogloshcheniem, peremeshcheniem i metabolizmom sistemnykh insektitsidov v'rasteniyakh. Pomimo ehtogo, udalos' prosledit' puti popadaniya khimikalij v organizm nasekomykh, pitayushchikhsya obrabotannymi khimikaliyami rasteniyami, a na nasekomykh mogut byt' izucheny metabolizm ehtikh khimikalij i ikh vydelenie. Ispol'zovanie mechenykh materialov dalo vozmozhnost' pokazat', chto khlopkovoe rastenie, vyra- shchenoe iz obrabotannykh sistemnymi insektitsidami semyan, pogloshchaet menee 5% primenennoj dozy. Drugie issledovaniya pokazali, chto sistemnye insektitsidy ne legko perenosyatsya iz list'ev, obrabotannykh insektitsidami, v novye rostki. Ispol'zovanie radioizotopov dlya izucheniya sistemnykh insektitsidov poluchit v budushchem dal'nejshee rasprostranenie. V nastoyashchee vremya udelyaetsya bol'she vnimaniya osnovnym fiziologicheskim issledovaniyam otnositel'no sud'by insektitsidov v rasteniyakh, u zhivotnykh i nasekomykh. Drugoj oblast'yu, v kotoroj radioizotopy dolzhny shiroko ispol'zovat'sya, yavlyayutsya issledovaniya, napravlennye na uluchshenie metodov primeneniya sistemnykh insektitsidov. (author)Original Title
Emploi des radioisotopes dans l'etude de la transformation des insecticides administres aux animaux et aux vegetaux; Rol' radioizotopov v izuchenii sud'by insektitsidov pri obrabotke imi zhivotnykh i rastenij; Empleo de los radioisotopos para estudiar los insecticidas aplicados a plantas y animales.
Primary Subject
Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome (Italy); 526 p; Sep 1963; p. 171-184; Symposium on the Use and Application of Radioisotopes and Radiation in the Control of Plant and Animal Insect Pests; Athens (Greece); 22-26 Apr 1963; ISSN 0074-1884; ; 57 refs.
Record Type
Book
Literature Type
Conference
Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
Related RecordRelated Record
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
AbstractAbstract
[en] Insects cause losses estimated at between 8% and 20% of total production of crops and livestock throughout the world. With the aim of developing technologies which can reduce such losses, the Insect and Pest Control Section of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division actively sponsors projects and conducts research through the Entomology Section of the Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory at Seibersdorf. In its work, the Section has placed considerable emphasis on the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). This technique involves the sterilization and release of large numbers of insects of the target species into the area where control is to be achieved. There, the sterile insects mate with the fertile wild insects, which produce no progeny: the technique is thus a highly specific form of ''birth control''. It is being used against a number of pest species in several countries
Primary Subject
Record Type
Journal Article
Journal
IAEA Bulletin; ISSN 0020-6067; ; v. 26(2); p. 22-25
Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
AbstractAbstract
[en] A class of borazene polymers was developed which consists of a two-dimensional array of six-membered borazene rings with the borons of adjacent borazene rings separated by -NH- groups. Pyrolysis of these polymers above ∼1000 degrees C leads to crystalline graphite-like boron nitride (h-BN). The thermal chemistry of thin films of one polymer deposited on KOH-etched aluminum was examined by thermal decomposition mass spectroscopy (TDMS) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and the gas evolution chemistry was found to be essentially complete at temperatures less than 400 degrees C. All products desorb with the same temperature profile and the major desorbing species are NH3 and N2, consistent with a loss of excess nitrogen and hydrogen in the polymer, and HCI from decomposition of byproducts of the synthesis step. Since the formation of ordered crystalline h-BN films requires heating to temperatures of the order of 1000 degrees C, whereas the gas evolution chemistry is complete by roughly 400 degrees C, it is concluded that gas evolution chemical processes are not rate limiting in BN ceramic production
Primary Subject
Secondary Subject
Record Type
Journal Article
Journal
Country of publication
ALKALI METAL COMPOUNDS, BORON COMPOUNDS, CARBON, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, DECOMPOSITION, ELEMENTS, FILMS, GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS, HYDROXIDES, METALS, NITRIDES, NITROGEN COMPOUNDS, NONMETALS, OXYGEN COMPOUNDS, PNICTIDES, POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS, QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SPECTRA, THERMAL ANALYSIS
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
1 | 2 | Next |