[en] Highlights: • The novel Nd"3"+-doped colloidal SiO_2 abrasives were synthesized by seed-introduced method. • The Nd"3"+-doped colloidal SiO_2 abrasives exhibited lower Ra and higher MRR on sapphire during CMP. • The cores SiO_2 were coated by the shells (SiO_2, Nd_2Si_2O_7 and Nd(OH)_3) via chemical bonds and hydrogen bonds. • XPS analysis revealed the solid-state chemical reaction between Nd"3"+-doped colloidal SiO_2 abrasives and sapphire during CMP. - Abstract: Abrasive is one of the most important factors in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). In order to improve the polishing qualities of sapphire substrates, the novel Nd"3"+-doped colloidal SiO_2 composite abrasives were prepared by seed-induced growth method. In this work, there were a series of condensation reactions during the synthesis process of Nd"3"+-doped colloidal SiO_2 composite abrasives and the silica cores were coated by shells (which contains SiO_2, Nd_2Si_2O_7 and Nd(OH)_3) via chemical bonds and hydrogen bonds in the Nd"3"+-doped colloidal SiO_2 composite abrasives, which made the composite abrasives’ core-shell structure more sTable Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that Nd"3"+-doped colloidal SiO_2 composite abrasives were spherical and uniform in size. And the acting mechanisms of Nd"3"+-doped colloidal SiO_2 composite abrasives on sapphire in CMP were investigated. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the solid-state chemical reactions between the shells (which contained SiO_2, Nd_2Si_2O_7 and Nd(OH)_3) of Nd"3"+-doped colloidal SiO_2 composite abrasives and the sapphire occurred during the CMP process. Furthermore, Nd"3"+-doped colloidal SiO_2 composite abrasives exhibited lower surface roughness and higher material removal rate (MRR) than the pure colloidal SiO_2 abrasives in the same polishing conditions, which was attributed to the solid-state chemical reactions between shells of Nd"3"+-doped colloidal SiO_2 composite abrasives and sapphire.

[en] A novel dual Z-scheme photocatalytic system composited of Ag₂O nanocrystals modified Ti³⁺ self doped TiO₂ nanocrystals with individual exposed (001) and (101) facets were successfully fabricated. In which, the Ti³⁺ self doped TiO₂ nanocrystals with individual exposed (001) and (101) facets have been firstly prepared by a simple hydrothermal method, subsequently the as-prepared products were modified with Ag₂O nanocrystals through a sonochemical depositing process in order to build a novel dual Z-scheme photocatalytic system. The samples were carefully characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis DRS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The photocatalytic activity toward degradation of Rhodamine B (Rh B) aqueous solution under stimulated solar light was investigated. The experimental results showed this new dual Z-scheme photocatalytic system possess an enhanced photocatalytic degradation activity compared to that similar surface heterojunction photocatalysts composed of Ti³⁺ self doped TiO₂ nanocrystals with individual exposed (001) and (101) facets. This novel photocatalytic system presents a high charge-separation efficiency and strong redox ability. This study will help us to better understand the photocatalytic mechanism of semiconductor photocatalysts with exposed different facets, and provide a new insight into the design and fabrication of advanced photocatalytic materials. - Highlights: •A novel dual Z-scheme system was built by Ag₂O and facet exposed TiO₂ nanocrystals. •The individual TiO₂ nanocrystals exposed (001) and (101) facets respectively. •Ag₂O coupled with Ti³⁺ self doped TiO₂ nanocrystals through a sonochemical process. •The as-prepared sample possesses a super photocatalytic activity.

[en] In this paper, we study the dynamical behavior of the solution for the stochastic reaction–diffusion equation with the nonlinearity satisfying the polynomial growth of arbitrary order $p\ge <!--\; ???\; -->2$ and any space dimension N. Based on the inductive principle, the higher-order integrability of the difference of the solutions near the initial data is established, and then the (norm-to-norm) continuity of solutions with respect to the initial data in $H_0^1(U)$ is first obtained. As an application, we show the existence of $(L^2(U),L^p(U))$ and $(L^2(U),H_0^1(U))$-pullback random attractors, respectively.

[en] To improve bolus reliability, we compared three different cavity sizes generated by different bolus thicknesses in patients by introducing intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) after radical mastectomy and analyzed the differences in dosimetry. Three IMRT plans-1, 2, and 3-were designed for cavity sizes greater than 10 mm, greater than 5 mm and less than 10 mm, and less than 2 mm, respectively. All three plans were compared to Plan 4 (bolus clinging to the skin), which was conventionally used as a standard benchmark case. The present study analyzed the dose-volume histogram (DVH) and three-dimensional dose distribution profiles. The differences in dose distributions between the target area and the organ at risk were evaluated by statistical analysis on statistical package of social sciences (SPSS). The dose parameters of all the four plans satisfied the prescription dose requirements and no statistically significant differences were observed (p < 0.05). However, the dose distribution map showed that the target areas in the cavities had high concentration areas and cold areas nearby the skin for both Plans 1 and 2. The DVH results showed reduced mean dose (D_mean) to the esophagus and trachea, percent volume received by the affected lung (V₃₀ ≥ 30 Gy), and percent volume received of the auxiliary structure ring (V₄₀ ≥ 40 Gy and V₄₅ ≥ 45 Gy) for Plans 3 and 4. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Comparisons showed that Plan 3 reduced hot and cold spots around the target area, therefore reducing the risk of organ damage and indicating that it was the best plan in the present study. Plan 3 used a superposition method from 2 mm to 3 mm, which reduced the cavity size to less than 2 mm. It satisfies the compensation function of the bolus and avoids dosimetry error caused by the physical characteristics of the bolus, thus improving treatment quality. (authors)

[en] Objective: To investigation the changes of serum Gas, IL-2, IL-10 and IL-18 contents after transfusion of red blood cells in patients with peptic ulcer. Methods: Serum Gas, IL-2, IL-10 (with RIA), serum IL-18 (with ELISA) levels were measured in 31 patients with peptic ulcer and 35 controls. Results: Before transfusion,the serum IL-2 level in the patients was significantly lower than that in controls (P<0.01), but the serum Gas, IL-10, IL-18 levels were significantly higher (P<0.01). After a course of 2 weeks' transfusion of red blood cells, the serum Gas, IL-2, IL-10 and IL-18 levels in the patients were not evidently different from those in controls (P>0.05). Conclusion: Detection of serum Gas, IL-2, IL-10 and IL-18 levels is clinically useful for monitoring progress and favourable prognosis of patients with peptic ulcer possess important clinical value. (authors)

[en] Effects of 300Gy 60Co-γ ray irradiation on the activities of 3 antioxidant enzymes in tobacco were studied in this paper. The results showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidas (POD) and catalse (CAT) in tobacco were gradually increased. All the activities of SOD POD and CAT reached the maximums at 12 h and then gradually decreased. Similar results were also observed in the expression of sod, pod and cat genes. These results indicated that the activities of antioxidant enzymes could play an important role in tobacco tolerance against irradiation

[en] An effective method for preparing tungsten carbide coating on diamond surfaces was proposed to improve the interface bonding between diamond and copper. The WC coating was formed on the diamond surfaces with a reaction medium of WO_3 in mixed molten NaCl–KCl salts and the copper–diamond composites were obtained by vacuum pressure infiltration of WC-coated diamond particles with pure copper. The microstructure of interface bonding between diamond and copper was discussed. Thermal conductivity and thermal expansion behavior of the obtained copper–diamond composites were investigated. Results indicated that the thermal conductivity of as-fabricated composite reached 658 W m"− "1 K"− "1. Significant reduction in coefficient of thermal expansion of the composite compared with that of pure copper was obtained. - Highlights: • WC coating was successfully synthesized on diamond particles in molten salts. • WC coating obviously promoted the wettability of diamond and copper matrix. • WC coating greatly enhanced the thermal conductivity of Cu–diamond composite. • The composites are suitable candidates for heat sink applications

[en] A new approach for ionic liquid based enzyme-assisted extraction (ILEAE) of chlorogenic acid (CGA) from Eucommia ulmoides is presented in which enzyme pretreatment was used in ionic liquids aqueous media to enhance extraction yield. For this purpose, the solubility of CGA and the activity of cellulase were investigated in eight 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids. Cellulase in 0.5 M [C6mim]Br aqueous solution was found to provide better performance in extraction. The factors of ILEAE procedures including extraction time, extraction phase pH, extraction temperatures and enzyme concentrations were investigated. Moreover, the novel developed approach offered advantages in term of yield and efficiency compared with other conventional extraction techniques. Scanning electronic microscopy of plant samples indicated that cellulase treated cell wall in ionic liquid solution was subjected to extract, which led to more efficient extraction by reducing mass transfer barrier. The proposed ILEAE method would develope a continuous process for enzyme-assisted extraction including enzyme incubation and solvent extraction process. In this research, we propose a novel view for enzyme-assisted extraction of plant active component, besides concentrating on enzyme facilitated cell wall degradation, focusing on improvement of bad permeability of ionic liquids solutions. - Highlights: • An ionic liquid based enzyme-assisted extraction method of natural product was explored. • ILEAE utilizes enzymatic treatment to improve permeability of ionic liquids solution. • Enzyme incubation and solvent extraction process were ongoing simultaneously. • ILEAE process simplified operating process and suitable for more complete extraction.

[en] Air cold plasma has been used as a novel method for enhancing microbial fermentation. The aim of this work was to explore the effect of plasma on membrane permeability and the formation of ATP and NADH in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , so as to provide valuable information for large-scale application of plasma in the fermentation industry. Suspensions of S. cerevisiae cells were exposed to air cold plasma for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 min, and then subjected to various analyses prior to fermentation (0 h) and at the 9 and 21 h stages of fermentation. Compared with non-exposed cells, cells exposed to plasma for 1 min exhibited a marked increase in cytoplasmic free Ca²⁺ concentration as a result of the significant increase in membrane potential prior to fermentation. At the same time, the ATP level in the cell suspension decreased by about 40%, resulting in a reduction of about 60% in NADH prior to culturing. However, the levels of ATP and NADH in the culture at the 9 and 21 h fermentation stages were different from the level at 0 h. Taken together, the results indicated that exposure of S. cerevisiae to air cold plasma could increase its cytoplasmic free Ca²⁺ concentration by improving the cell membrane potential, consequently leading to changes in ATP and NADH levels. (paper)

[en] 1-H-1-(3-[¹⁸F]fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)-2-nitroimidazole(¹⁸F-FMISO) is a special tumor hypoxia imaging agent for PET. Its PET/CT imaging has an important guiding significance on planning cancer radiotherapy target volume. ¹⁸F-FMISO was synthesized on domestic fluorine multifunctional automated synthesis apparatus. By using 1-(2'-nitro-1'-imidazolyl)-2-O-tetrahydropyranyl-3-O-toluenesulphonyl-propanediol as the precursor, ¹⁸F-FMISO was obtained via two-step reactions, including the nucleophilic fluoration of the precursor and the acidic hydrolysis of the intermediate. To verify the feasibility, reliability and stability of the automated synthesis process, three continuous batches of ¹⁸F-FMISO were produced with optimized preparation process. The key parameters in the pilot production and the quality standard of the product were verified. The procedure could be completed within 40 minutes. The radiochemical yield and specific activity were higher than 45% (no decay corrected, n = 5) and 3.7 × 10¹⁰ Bq/mmol. The radiochemical purity was more than 95% after three half-life, indicating its good stability. The automated synthesis process of ¹⁸F-FMISO is feasible. All the indicators for each batch of ¹⁸F-FMISO meet the quality standard and the requirements of clinical PET imaging. (authors)