[en] The author begins his paper by noting the range of international cooperation which has occured in science since its earliest days. The brightest minds were allowed to cross international frontiers even in the face of major wars, to work on their interests and to interact with like minded scientists in other countries. There has of course been a political side to this movement at times. The author makes the point that doing science on an international basis is extemely important but it is not a way of conducting foreign policy. Even though governments may work together on scientific efforts, it is no glue which will bind them to work together on larger political or economic issues. The reason for doing science on an international basis is that it will lead to better science, not better international relations. There are a limited number of great scientists in the world, and they must be allowed to develop their talents. He then discusses two internationl space programs which have has such collaboration, the Soviet-American Space Biology Program, and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS). He then touches on the NASA space exploration program, and the fact that its basic objectives were laid out in the 1940's and l950's. With this laid out he argues in favor of establishment of a lunar base, one of the key elements of NASA's plan, arguing for the value of this step based upon the infrared astronomical work which could be done from a stable lunar site, away from the earth's atmosphere

[en] The control of nuclear-related exports, a critical component of the nonproliferation regime, is facing several opportunities and challenges. As countries sign and ratify the International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) safeguards Additional Protocol (AP), they will begin to report far more export information, including exports of a list of items similar to the Nuclear Supplier Group's Trigger List that existed when the AP was developed in the mid-1990s. This positive development contrasts with challenges such as globalization, transshipments, and tracking of end-uses. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is proposing that the US Department of Energy (DOE) develop regional seminars that address these types of issues related to export/import controls. The DOE seminars would be designed to supplement regional seminars sponsored by the IAEA and member states on topics related to the Additional Protocol (referred to as 'IAEA seminars'). The topic of nuclear export/import controls is not thoroughly addressed in the IAEA seminars. The proposed DOE seminars would therefore have two objectives: familiarizing countries with the export/import provisions of the Additional Protocol, and addressing challenges such as those noted above. The seminars would be directed particularly at countries that have not ratified the AP, and at regions where export-related problems are particularly prevalent. The intent is to encourage governments to implement more effective nuclear export control systems that meet the challenges of the 21st century.

[en] The U.S. Department of Energy actively supports the development of Russian nuclear nonproliferation expertise through education and training. This support includes assistance to Russian academic institutions in offering courses in safeguards and in nonproliferation policy. In particular, DOE has assisted the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) in establishing a master's degree program in nuclear material protection, control, and accounting (MPC and A), the first such program in the world. DOE is currently helping MEPhI develop a 5-1/2 year engineering degree program in MPC and A, which is tailored to the needs of Russian nuclear facilities. Further, DOE is supporting nonproliferation curriculum at the high school level and the development of nonproliferation courses in Russian universities in Novouralsk, Tomsk, Seversk, Ozersk, Sarov, and Snezhinsk. DOE is beginning to also assist Tomsk Polytechnic University in developing its new engineering degree program in MPC and A. The Tomsk program is oriented toward serving students east of the Ural Mountains, while the MEPhI engineering degree program tends to serve students west of the Urals. DOE's goal is to foster interest and knowledge in nonproliferation and support the establishment of self-sustaining degree programs that produce the next generation of safeguards experts. This paper describes progress on these education programs and our vision for the future

[en] In addressing the nuclear nonproliferation challenges of South Asia, it is useful to examine the similar past nonproliferation problems in South America. The nuclear rapprochement between Argentina and Brazil involved several developments in progression. We conclude that two developments are particularly applicable to the India/Pakistan problem: technical cooperation and a regional safeguards system. This paper reviews the history of Argentina/Brazil rapprochement, discusses application to India/Pakistan, and proposes specific actions to move South Asia toward regional stability.

No abstract available

[en] The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR is a large array of ultra-low background high-purity germanium detectors, enriched in 76Ge, designed to search for zero-neutrino double-beta decay (0νββ). The DEMONSTRATOR will utilize 76Ge from Russia. The first one-gram sample was received from the supplier for analysis on April 24, 2011. The second one-gram sample was received from the supplier for analysis on July 12, 2011. The third sample, which came from the first large shipment of germanium from the vendor, was received from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) on September 13, 2011. The Environmental Molecular Sciences facility, a DOE user facility at PNNL, was used to make the required isotopic and chemical purity measurements that are essential to the quality assurance for the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR. The results of these analyses are reported here. The isotopic composition of a sample of natural germanium was also measured twice. Differences in the result between these two measurements led to a re-measurement of the second 76Ge sample.

[en] The effect on low-energy atomic inner-shell Coster-Kronig and super Coster-Kronig transitions that is produced by relaxation and by exchange between the continuum electron and bound electrons was examined and illustrated by specific calculations for transitions that deexcite the 3p vacancy state of Zn. Taking exchange and relaxation into account is found to reduce, but not to eliminate, the discrepancies between theoretical rates and measurements

No abstract available

[en] The first part of this volume comprises papers dealing with basic areas of physics ranging from relativistic radiative hydrodynamics through nuclear decay selection rules to stellar X-ray sources and elemental synthesis. The second part presents contributions which address various aspects of physics applied to the creation of military strength, such as the history of nuclear explosives and the development of beam weaponry. The last part contains contributions which relate to some of the areas of physics applied to peaceful purposes in which Teller has worked

[en] X-ray beam damage is often observed during surface analysis of beam sensitive materials as indicated in the introduction to this issue and in a wide variety of references. While damage occurs in a wide range of materials, those that are most susceptible to damage are materials that contain low energy covalent bonds such as polymers or other organic materials. Even amongst the relatively easily damaged polymers, there is a wide range of damage rates. The data reported in this submission was collected in the interest of comparing the rates of damage produced by x-ray and electron irradiation of different materials. The focus of this submission is x-ray damage of bulk poly(vinyl chloride) PVC since it is a readily available material. The temperature of the sample holder was controlled during irradiation of the PVC in order to determine the extent to which localized sample heating affects the rate of damage. PVC degrades by photoionization, resulting in the production of HCl through H and Cl bond cleavage. Bulk PVC has previously been the focus of an x-ray damage study involving many laboratories throughout the world. For comparison to the bulk PVC data, damage rates for thin films of poly(2-chloroethyl methacrylate) (PCEMA) are also reported for the same three temperatures. Measurements of several relatively common materials on one instrument can provide a data base that allows damage rates on one instrument to be linked or compared to other damage data in the literature. In addition to the PCEMA films and bulk PVC, other data collected at the same x-ray parameters include thin films of PVC (for which damage rates are essentially identical to the bulk material) and of poly(acrylonitrile) PAN which is more stable that either PCEMA or PVC. An additional set of PVC data for a different instrument is also included in the volume. X-ray beams used for XPS produce less damage in materials than electrons used for AES analysis. This is due to both th e weaker interaction between x-rays and materials (relative to electrons) and the deeper penetration of x-rays into the material producing a lower damage density. Although the rates of damage for x-rays and electrons differ, many of the processes are similar. Both electron and x-ray damage has been collected for PVC and PAN as reported in this volume of SSS8,9,12 and summarized in the introduction. The overall damage rates for PVC and PAN differ by an order of magnitude, but the ratios of the electron and x-ray damage rates for these two materials are nearly the same