[en] This study highlights which injury has greatest burden, how frequent are the injuries of foot and ankle areas, which is an extremely neglected specialty in orthopedics and also the importance of proper diagnosis, classification of fractures, appropriate pre-operative planning and timely conservative as well as surgical intervention of ankle and foot fractures that resulted in a satisfactory outcome Despite the fact, foot and ankle is the most important locomotor unit of our lower limb, there have been few studies addressing the problem and treatment outcome of such fractures. Objective: To determine the occurrence, demography and pathomorphology of ankle and foot fractures, also evaluation of treatment outcome of calcaneal fractures. Methodology: This was a longitudinal interventional study which dealt with acute traumatic ankle and foot fracture patients coming to Accident and Emergency Department of MHL, DOST unit 1, with inclusion and exclusion criteria clearly defined. Results: Total 100 patients were included in the study. Mean age of patients was 35.71+-13.60 years. Minimum age of patients was 14 and maximum age of patients was 70 years respectively. Gender distribution of patients shows that 15 patients were female and the remaining 85 patients were male. Male patients were greater in number as compared to female patients ie. M: F, 6:1. Mechanism of the injury showed that there were 48 patients who suffered from RTA , 37 patients had trauma due to fall from height, 6 patients had industrial injuries, 5 patients had Fire Arm Injury, and 2 patients had injuries due to domestic activity, 1 had trauma due to sports activity and 1 had injury due to agricultural work. There were 41 patients with fractures of calcaneum and out of which 5 had bilateral fracture calcaneum. They were classified according to CT based Sanders classification. Out of these 22 patients were of Sanders type III, 12 patients were of Sander type II, 5 patients were of Sander type IV, 2 patients were of Sander type I. Sander type I were treated conservatively with Boot cast, Sanders type II and III were treated with boot cast and Percutaneous Stiemann pin, K-wire and malleolar screws, while Sander type IV treated conservatively due to severe communication with subsequent Tripple Arthrodesis if required. Conclusion: This study highlights the burden of foot and ankle injuries as well as the importance of proper diagnosis, classification of fractures, appropriate pre-operative planning and timely intervention of Ankle and foot fractures. Foot and ankle is the most important locomotor unit of our lower limb and this is a neglected specialty in our society which needs special attention and care for the welfare of patients by expertise. Outcome assessment of ankle and foot patients was done by Olerud-Molander scoring system. Patients with follow up of at least 8 months were called by phone to complete the functional scoring system (Olerud-Molander). According to this criteria 5 patients had excellent outcome, 42 had good outcome, 43 had fair and 10 patients had poor outcome. (author)

[en] Proteases are highly exploited enzymes in food, leather, detergent, pharmaceutical, diagnostics, waste management, silver recovery, healing of the wound, cosmetics, etc. Of all proteases, alkaline proteases produced by Bacillus species are of great importance in the detergent industry due to their high thermostability and pH stability. Submerged fermentation technique was employed for the production of Protease by Bacillus subtilis using cheese whey and skimmed milk broth followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation and molecular weight determination by SDS PAGE. Protease characterization showed that it has a maximum enzyme activity at pH 9, temperature 45°, incubation period 20 minutes and gelatin substrate is suitable in enzyme assay. (author)

[en] In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) nodes often change their location independently where neither fixed nor centralized infrastructure is present. Nodes communicate with each other directly or via intermediate nodes. The advantages of the MANET layout lead to self-structure and compatibility to most important functions such as traffic distribution and load balancing. Whenever the host moves rapidly in the network the topology becomes updated due to which the structure of MANET varies accordingly. In the literature, different routing protocols have been studied and compared by researchers. Still, there are queries regarding the performance of these protocols under different scenarios. MANETs are not based on a predesigned structure. In this paper, the performance assessment of the Quality of Services (QoS) for different protocols such as Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) in the existence of the various number of communicating nodes is studied. The performance matrices throughput, end – to – end delay and packet delivery ratio are considered for simulations. Ns 2.35 simulator is used for carrying out these simulations. Results are compared for AODV, TORA, and ZRP routing protocols. The results show that AODV and TORA perform well in end – to – end delay as compared to zone routing protocol. Zone routing protocol performs well in packet delivery ratio and throughput as compared to both the other protocols. (author)

[en] In this paper, a matrix converter structure is proposed which is suitable for wind power generation applications. The matrix converter (MC) is the most general converter type in the family of AC-AC converters. It is a single-stage converter which has an array of m x n bidirectional power switches to connect, directly, an m- phase voltage source to an n-Phase load. It does not have any DC-link circuit and does not need any large energy storage elements. The key element in a matrix converter is the fully controlled four quadrant bidirectional switch, which allows highfrequency operation. The proposed converter uses MOSFETs as bidirectional switches. The model has been implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results obtained are presented. The waveforms for input current and output voltage are sinusoidal with very low total harmonic distortion (THD). Low THD is an indication that the model is suitable for wind power generation applications. The simulation results confirm the reduction of conversion losses by 10% to 12% as compared to conventional two stage converters thereby increasing the overall conversion efficiency. The MOSFETs which have been used as switching devices have four to five times more switching frequency as compared to IGBTs thus improving the resulting wave shapes. (author)

[en] Aim: To explain our experience of service delivery at Orthopedic surgery during pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS VoV-19). Methods: We studied a retrospective cohort-based on a manual medical record of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Unit-I, King Edward Medical University, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, from March to July 2020. The medical record of admission operated cases in accident & emergency, indoor, and all patients attended in the out-patient department were stated. We continued the delivery of our service in an emergency, indoor, elective operation theater, and an out-patient department (OPD). The experience of running the services in the emergency, indoor, and OPD was gathered to present for best practices in future perspective. Results: Out of the total of 4660 patients treated, there were 2831(60.75%) males, and 1885(40.4%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 32.8±10.14-year. Amongst the total 4660, 1906(40.9%) patients were operated, and 2754(59.1%) were attended in the OPD. Out of these operated patients, 1839 (96.5%) were trauma patients, 58(3.04%) follow up surgery, 05(0.26%) tumor surgeries, 3(0.16%) arthroplasties, and 01 arthroscopies. Amongst the total of 1839 operated patients in an emergency, 1177(64%) were minor procedures, and 662(36%) were major procedures. Total Admissions in the COVID-19 pandemic were 769 (16.5%), out of which 715(92.98%) were admitted through accident and emergency. Conclusion: There was limitation to elective surgery, with risk to manage the emergency in orthopedic trauma patient. Emergency and tumor surgeries poses real challenge for safety during COVID-19 pandemic. (author)

[en] Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of patient position during surgery using direct lateral approach for total hip arthroplasty. Methods: Randomized controlled prospective study of patients was done. Total sixty patients were included in the study, of the 60 patients (33 males, 27 females), the mean age was 48.9 ± 12.34 (range 29 to 69) years. Patients were randomized in two groups ‘S’ & ‘L’ by lottery method. Study was conducted from January 2018 to June 2019. Outcome parameters were compared in terms of size of incision, timing of surgery, postoperative transfusion, acetabular component inclination and femoral stem position. Harris hip score was used pre and postoperatively and up to 1 year. Results: The L group 30 patients (17males, 13 females) with a mean age of 47.3 ± 12.98 (range, 20 to 86) years. The S group included 30 patients (16 males, 14 females) with a mean age of 50.63 ± 11.63 (range, 23 to 82) years. Incision length was comparatively smaller in L group, surgery time was shorter is S group, however blood transfusion required post operatively was higher in S group as compared to L group requiring 0.5 pint on an average. In terms of cup inclination (p = 0.001) and femoral stem alignment (p < 0.001) significant p value was noted with better alignment of cup and stem in L group were found. Harris hip score was comparable in both the groups preoperatively (p = 0.087) and 1 year post operatively (p = 0.572). Conclusion: In this study, we conclude that lateral decubitus position has advantages of smaller incision size, better implant position and less blood loss. However, harris hip score was better and almost same in both the groups at one year follow up. (author)

[en] The commercially available alginic acid is mainly extracted from sea weeds. Owing to the growing demand and variation in composition of alginate extracted from different species, there is rising interest in synthesis of alginate by bacteria. Therefore, present research was designed with the aim to check the potential of different papaya wastes like peels, seeds and decayed pulp for alginate production by Azotobacter vinelandii. Optimization of physico-chemical parameters was also done. Highest amount of the biopolymer was reported on fermentation of papaya peel at 72 hours of incubation period with inoculum size of 6% (v/v), at pH 7.0, 30 degree C and agitation intensity of 200 rpm. Among different carbon and nitrogen sources tested, sucrose and peptone increased the yield of biopolymer (5.34 g/L). Alginate obtained was 98% pure in comparison to the standard. The present research is the first report on utilization of cheap papaya waste for alginate production and will be helpful to save the foreign exchange. (author)