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Mitzel, F.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Projekt Schneller Brueter1978
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Projekt Schneller Brueter1978
AbstractAbstract
[en] In order to improve the safety, the surveillance and economy of sodium cooled reactors it is desirable to obtain a more precise knowledge of the heat transfer between the fuel and the coolant. Different possibilities have been investigated to determine the corresponding heat transfer coefficient by measuring the pertinent transfer functions. The result was the following: The heat transfer coefficient can be determined with reasonable accuracy at the KNK II and the SNR by means of small pseudostochastic power oscillations. These power oscillations must be artificially induced but do not require an interruption of the normal plant operation. The accuracy could however still be further improved by an additional measurement of the fuel temperature with a special instrumentation. (orig.)
[de]
Zur Verbesserung der Sicherheit, der Ueberwachung und der Oekonomie von natriumgekuehlten Reaktoren ist eine genauere Kenntnis des Waermeueberganges zwischen dem Brennstoff und dem Kuehlmittel wuenschenswert. Es wurden daher verschiedene Moeglichkeiten untersucht, durch Messung von geeigneten Uebertragungsfunktionen die entsprechende Waermeuebergangszahl zu bestimmen. Das Ergebnis war folgendes: ohne Sonderinstrumentierung kann die Waermeuebergangszahl mittels kleiner, pseudostochastischer Leistungsschwankungen mit sinnvoller Genauigkeit an der KNK II und am SNR bestimmt werden. Diese Leistungsschwankungen muessen kuenstlich induziert werden, erfordern aber keine Unterbrechung des normalen Reaktorbetriebes. Durch zusaetzliche Messung der Brennstofftemperatur mit einer Sonderinstrumentierung liesse sich die Messgenauigkeit allerdings noch weiter verbessern. (orig.).Original Title
Moeglichkeiten zur Bestimmung des Waermeueberganges zwischen nuklearen Brennstaeben und dem Kuehlmittel in einem natriumgekuehlten Reaktor waehrend des Betriebes
Primary Subject
Source
Jun 1978; 45 p
Record Type
Report
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Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
Mitzel, F.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Germany)1977
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Germany)1977
AbstractAbstract
[en] In this report the safety problems are described which are related to the installation of a nuclear boiling generator in KNK II. Key problems are the stress of the cladding and the safety instrumentation. Stress analysis and out-of-pile experiments so far indicate that the cladding material to be used should withstand the stresses during local boiling. The stress and strain as well as the creep and fatigue behavior due to temperature oscillations should however still be analyzed more accurately on the basis of improved material coefficients. This might not be necessary, if it can be proved, that the out-of-pile experiments give complete information about the behavior of the cladding in the nuclear generator. The instrumentation being proposed is suitable for controlling the boiling process, under the condition that the results from out-of-pile experiments can reliably be used for temperature calculations in the nuclear boiling generator. This has still to be checked. The influences of the boiling generator on possible reactor malfunctions, to be kept under control by the automatic reactor shutdown system, and on reactivity coefficients are compatible with the requirements of the reactor safety. The same holds for the special design of the boiling generator in order to limit the damage in the very unlikely event of a failure
Original Title
Sicherheitstechnische Gesichtspunkte beim Einsatz eines nuklearen Siedegenerators in KNK II
Primary Subject
Source
Jun 1977; 39 p; INIS-DE-KFK--011; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); refs, figs, tabs
Record Type
Report
Report Number
Country of publication
DETECTION, ENRICHED URANIUM REACTORS, EPITHERMAL REACTORS, EXPERIMENTAL REACTORS, FAST REACTORS, FATIGUE, HYDRIDE MODERATED REACTORS, LIQUID METAL COOLED REACTORS, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, POWER REACTORS, REACTOR INSTRUMENTATION, REACTORS, RESEARCH AND TEST REACTORS, SODIUM COOLED REACTORS, SZR TYPE REACTORS
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
Mitzel, F.; Vaeth, W.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Germany)1979
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Germany)1979
AbstractAbstract
[en] Measurements of the reactivity-to-power transfer function were performed in the first core of KNK II with the goal to examine the reactivity coefficients. The experimental and calculational results were compared with inclusion of the static power coefficient. The measured transfer functions showed much stronger burnup dependences than the calculated ones. One anomaly of transitory character occurring immediately after reaching full-power could not be explained till now. Different indications seem to point on a nonuniform burnup behavior. Due to the partly good agreement between the measured and calculated transfer function and the nevertheless existing discrepancy with the static power coefficient it can be concluded, that the discrepancy may be caused by a not yet considered negative reactivity effect with a relatively large time constant. At the end of the operational phase further differences between calculated and measured transfer function were observed. They could have been caused by a reduction of the bowing coefficient due to swelling. Since the burnup has obviously a much stronger influence on the experimental results, this type of measurements should be repeated in the next core with shorter time intervals
Original Title
Messung und Berechnung der Reaktivitaets-Leistungs-Uebertragungsfunktion von KNK II zur Ueberpruefung von Reaktivitaetskoeffizienten der Erstbeladung
Primary Subject
Source
Oct 1979; 47 p; INIS-DE-PSB--012; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); refs, figs, tabs
Record Type
Report
Literature Type
Numerical Data
Report Number
Country of publication
DATA, DEFORMATION, ENRICHED URANIUM REACTORS, EPITHERMAL REACTORS, EVALUATION, EXPERIMENTAL REACTORS, FAST REACTORS, FUNCTIONS, HYDRIDE MODERATED REACTORS, INFORMATION, LIQUID METAL COOLED REACTORS, NUMERICAL DATA, POWER REACTORS, REACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS, REACTORS, RESEARCH AND TEST REACTORS, SODIUM COOLED REACTORS, SZR TYPE REACTORS
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
Mitzel, F.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Neutronenphysik und Reaktortechnik1978
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Neutronenphysik und Reaktortechnik1978
AbstractAbstract
[en] The stability of a nuclear reactor without and with feedback by a control system has been investigated. The main objective was to demonstrate whether self-excited oszillations (i.e. limit cycles) can exist or not. Measurements indicated the existence of such limit cycles. which always may occur under the influence of a non-linear element. As they were expected to occur in the low frequency region, for the transfer functions of the reactor and of the non-linear controller simplified approximations were derived restricted to low frequencies. Applying these approximations, for a description in the parameter plane a distinct insight into the stability of the reactor operated without and with an automatic control system was obtained. By means of this method, developed by Siljak, the influence of two free system parameters on the stability could be simply analyzed. For the reactor without control system the influence of the reactivity coefficients for the fuel and the moderator have been investigated in this way. For the reactor with controller this has been done with respect to the fuel reactivity coefficient and to the controller adjustment. In the latter case the occurence of stable limit cycles could be demonstrated unequivocally. The partical significance of such investigations for surveillance purposes and for neutron noise measurements is discussed. (orig.)
[de]
Es wurde das Stabilitaetsverhalten eine ungeregelten und geregelten Leistungsreaktors untersucht. Das Hauptziel bestand darin, das aufgrund von Messungen vermutete Auftreten von eigeninduzierten Schwingungen (d.h. von sog. Grenzzyklen) theoretisch nachzuweisen. Solche Grenzzyklen koennen immer in geschlossenen Regelkreisen mit nichtlinearen Elementen auftreten. Da ihre Existenz im sehr niederfrequenten Bereich zu erwarten war, wurden fuer die Uebertragungsfunktionen des Reaktors und des nichtlinearen Reglers durch Beschraenkung auf kleine Frequenzen vereinfachte Naeherungen abgeleitet. Die Verwendung dieser Naeherungen fuer die Darstellung in der Parameterebene ermoeglichte einen uebersichtlichen Einblick in das Stabilitaetsverhalten des ungeregelten und geregelten Reaktors. Mit Hilfe dieser von Siljak entwickelten Methode konnte der Einfluss von zwei voneinander unabhaengig frei variierbaren Parametern auf das Stabilitaetsverfahren einfach analysiert werden. Beim ungeregelten Reaktor wurde auf diese Weise der Einfluss der Reaktivitaetstemperaturkoeffizienten des Brennstoffs und des Moderators untersucht und beim geregelten Reaktor der Einfluss des Reaktivitaetstemperaturkoeffizienten des Brennstoffs und der Reglereinstellung. Im letzteren Fall konnte eindeutig die Existenz von stabilen Grenzzyklen nachgewiesen werden. Die praktische Bedeutung solcher Untersuchungen fuer die Betriebsueberwachung sowie fuer Neutronenflussrauschmessungen wird diskutiert. (orig.)Original Title
Der Einfluss eines nichtlinearen Regelelements auf das quasistationaere Betriebsverhalten der Kompakten Natriumgekuehlten Kernreaktoranlage KNK I
Primary Subject
Source
Sep 1978; 60 p
Record Type
Report
Report Number
Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
Hoppe, P.; Mitzel, F.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Neutronenphysik und Reaktortechnik; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe (Germany, F.R.). Projekt Schneller Brueter1977
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Neutronenphysik und Reaktortechnik; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe (Germany, F.R.). Projekt Schneller Brueter1977
AbstractAbstract
[en] The Reactivity-to-Power-Transfer-Function for the sodium cooled nuclear power plant KNK I (Kompakte Natriumgekuehlte Kernenergieanlage) has been measured and compared with theoretical results. The measurements have been performed with the help of pseudostochastic reactivity perturbations. The transfer function has been determined by computing the auto- and cross-power-spectral-densities for the reactivity- and neutron flux signals. The agreement between the experimental and theoretical transfer function could be improved by adjusting the reactivity coefficients. The applications of these measurements with respect to reactor diagnosis and malfunction detection are discussed. For this purpose the accuracy of the measured transfer function is of great importance. Therefore an extensive error analysis has been performed. It turned out, that the inherent instability of the reactor without control system and the feedback by the primary coolant system were the reasons for comparatively big systematical errors. The conditions have been derived under which these types of errors can be considerably reduced. The conclusions can also be applied to analogical measurements at fast sodium cooled reactors. Because of their inherent stability the systematical errors will be reduced. (orig.)
[de]
Die Uebertragungsfunktion zwischen der Reaktivitaet und der Leistung der Kompakten Natriumgekuehlten Kernenergieanlage (KNK I) wurde gemessen und mit theoretischen Ergebnissen verglichen. Zur Messung wurden mit dem Regelstab binaere pseudostatistische Reaktivitaetsschwankungen erzeugt. Die Uebertragungsfunktion wurde aus den Reaktivitaets- und Neutronenflusssignalen durch Berechnung der entsprechenden autospektralen Leistungsdichte und kreuzspektralen Dichte bestimmt. Durch Anpassung von Reaktivitaetskoeffizienten konnte die Uebereinstimmung zwischen der experimentell und theoretisch bestimmten Uebertragungsfunktion verbessert werden. Anwendungen, welche sich aus diesen Messungen in bezug auf die Reaktorueberwachung und Schadenfrueherkennung ergeben, werden diskutiert. Dabei kommt es wesentlich auf die erzielbare Messgenauigkeit an. Eine ausfuehrliche Fehleranalyse zeigte, dass die inhaerente Instabilitaet des untersuchten ungeregelten Reaktors und die Rueckkoppelung durch den Primaerkreislauf zu relativ grossen systematischen Fehlern fuehren kann. Aus den Messergebnissen und theoretischen Betrachtungen wurden Bedingungen zur Minimalisierung dieser Fehler abgeleitet. Daraus ergaben sich auch allgemeine Folgerungen fuer die Anwendung bei schnellen natriumgekuehlten Reaktoren: Durch ihre inhaerente Stabilitaet lassen sich die systematischen Fehler wesentlich reduzieren. (orig.)Original Title
Berechnung, Messung und Analyse der Uebertragungsfunktion zwischen der Leistung an der Kompakten Natriumgekuehlten Kernenergieanlage KNK I
Primary Subject
Secondary Subject
Source
Feb 1977; 86 p; 21 figs.; 3 tabs.; 20 refs.
Record Type
Report
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Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
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INIS IssueINIS Issue
Ferranti, P.; Mitzel, F.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Germany)1977
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Germany)1977
AbstractAbstract
[en] For the analysis of experiments, in which the heat transfer between fuel and cladding shall be deduced from the variations of the central fuel temperature, the surrounding cladding temperature and the power, the transfer functions between these parameters are required. They have been calculated in the frame of a formerly applied model. The provision of a special version of an existing computer program allowed the numerical calculation. Input data description and test sample are given
[de]
Fuer die Analyse von Experimenten, bei denen der Waermeuebergang zwischen Brennstoff und Huelle aus gemessenen Schwankungen der zentralen Brennstofftemperatur und der Umgebungstemperatur des Brennstoffs oder der Leistung bestimmt werden soll, werden die Uebertragungsfunktionen zwischen den genannten Messgroessen benoetigt. Zu diesem Zweck wurden im Rahmen eines schon frueher verwendeten Modells diese Uebertragungsfunktionen berechnet. Die Erstellung einer speziellen Version eines vorhandenen Rechenprogramms ermoeglicht ihre numerische Berechnung. Die Eingabebeschreibung sowie ein Rechenbeispiel sind angegebenOriginal Title
Uebertragungsfunktionen zwischen der zentralen Brennstofftemperatur und der Huellrohrtemperatur sowie der Leistung von Brennelementen
Primary Subject
Source
Jul 1977; 18 p; INIS-DE-KFK--010; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); refs, figs, tabs
Record Type
Report
Report Number
Country of publication
DETECTION, ENERGY TRANSFER, ENRICHED URANIUM REACTORS, EPITHERMAL REACTORS, EXPERIMENTAL REACTORS, FAST REACTORS, FUNCTIONS, HYDRIDE MODERATED REACTORS, LIQUID METAL COOLED REACTORS, MONITORING, POWER REACTORS, REACTOR COMPONENTS, REACTOR INSTRUMENTATION, REACTORS, RESEARCH AND TEST REACTORS, SODIUM COOLED REACTORS, SZR TYPE REACTORS
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
Hoppe, P.; Mitzel, F.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Germany)1979
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Germany)1979
AbstractAbstract
[en] The development of in-core detectors for Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBRs) is still in an early stage, and little operation experience is available. Therefore self-powered neutron and gamma detectors and neutron sensitive ionization chambers -especially developed for LMFBRs- have been tested in the Fast Sodium Cooled Test Reactor KNK II. Seven flux detectors have been installed in the core of KNK II by means of a special test rig. Five of them failed already within the first week during operation in the reactor. Due to measurements of electrical resistances and capacities, sodium penetrating into the detectors or cables probably seems to be the cause. As tests prior to the installation in the core proved the tightness of all detectors, it is suspected that small cracks have developed in the detector casings or in the outer cable sheaths during their exposure to the hot coolant. Two ionization chambers did not show these faults. However, one of them failed because the saturation current plateau disappeared and the other one's sensitivity decreased by a factor of five during the test period. It is suspected that in both cases changes of the filling gas might be involved
Primary Subject
Secondary Subject
Source
Oct 1979; 26 p; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); refs, figs, tabs
Record Type
Report
Report Number
Country of publication
ENRICHED URANIUM REACTORS, EPITHERMAL REACTORS, EXPERIMENTAL REACTORS, FAST REACTORS, HYDRIDE MODERATED REACTORS, LIQUID METAL COOLED REACTORS, MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, MONITORS, POWER REACTORS, RADIATION DETECTORS, RADIATION MONITORS, REACTOR INSTRUMENTATION, REACTORS, RESEARCH AND TEST REACTORS, SELF-POWERED DETECTORS, SODIUM COOLED REACTORS, SZR TYPE REACTORS, TESTING
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
Mitzel, F.; Vaeth, W.; Ansari, S.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Neutronenphysik und Reaktortechnik; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Projekt Schneller Brueter1982
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Neutronenphysik und Reaktortechnik; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Projekt Schneller Brueter1982
AbstractAbstract
[en] The reactivity signal of the KNK-II-plant shows almost harmonic oscillations of δrho <= 0.5 c. Very sensitive correlation measurements, made during the regular plant operation with the normal plant instrumentation, revealed, that these oscillations are associated with individual fuel elements. Auxiliary measurements under various operational conditions and theoretical considerations show, that this phenomenon is probably caused by flow-induced mechanical vibration. Similar characteristics with respect to the frequencies have obviously not yet been observed for fuel element vibration during tests in out-of-core loops and in other reactors. Therefore efforts have been made in order to classify the flow-induced vibration and to identify the particular excitation mechanism. Most likely seems a flow-induced vibration of whole fuel elements by vortex shedding or jet switching. This model can explain all observations without exception. (orig.)
[de]
Das Reaktivitaetssignal von KNK II zeigt fast harmonische Oszillationen von δrho <= 0,5 c. Sehr empfindliche Korrelationsmessungen, die waehrend des regulaeren Reaktorbetriebes unter Verwendung der normalen Betriebsinstrumentierung durchgefuehrt wurden, ergaben, dass die Oszillationen einzelnen Brennelementen zuzuordnen sind. Zusaetzliche Messungen unter verschiedenen Betriebsbedingungen und theoretischen Ueberlegungen zeigen, dass es sich dabei wahrscheinlich um stroemungsinduzierte mechanische Schwingungen handelt. Sie weisen Charakteristiken auf, welche bisher offenbar bei entsprechenden Messungen sowohl in Versuchsstaenden als auch waehrend des nuklearen Betriebs an anderen Reaktoren noch nicht beobachtet wurden. Es wurde deshalb der Versuch einer Klassifizierung der Schwingungsart und einer Identifizierung des Anregungsmechanismus unternommen. Am wahrscheinlichsten erscheint eine Schwingungsanregung von ganzen Brennelementen durch Wirbel oder Fluidstrahlbildung. Jedenfalls ist dieses Modell in der Lage, saemtliche Beobachtungen widerspruchsfrei zu erklaeren. (orig.)Original Title
Nachweis von Brennelementschwingungen in KNK II
Primary Subject
Source
Nov 1982; 107 p
Record Type
Report
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INIS VolumeINIS Volume
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Ansari, S.; Mitzel, F.; Vaeth, W.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Germany)1981
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Germany)1981
AbstractAbstract
[en] Various facts indicated that peaks in the Auto Power Spectral Density (APSD) of the neutron flux may be due to vibrations of core components. Possible candidates are the control rods. In order to scrutinize this hypothesis, seismic transducers were mounted on the shrouds of the control rod drive mechanisms of each control rod. Correlation measurements between the signals of these transducers and the neutron flux showed positive results. However from measurements with particular control rods being withdrawn from the core at zero power and from a quantitative analysis of all experimental results it must be concluded that the control rod's vibration do not cause the reactivity noise. Correlations with other signals showed that one peak of the APSD of the neutron flux is probably caused by flow induced vibrations occurring in only one of the two primary coolant loops. A possible explanation of the mechanism which causes the reactivity effects is given
Original Title
Analyse von Reaktivitaets-Rauschen an KNK-II im Hinblick auf Vibrationen von Absorbern und Primaerkreis-Komponenten
Primary Subject
Source
Mar 1981; 57 p; INIS-DE-PSB--046; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); refs, tabs, figs
Record Type
Report
Report Number
Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
Vaeth, W.; Mitzel, F.; Ansari, S.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Neutronenphysik und Reaktortechnik; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Projekt Schneller Brueter1981
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Neutronenphysik und Reaktortechnik; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Projekt Schneller Brueter1981
AbstractAbstract
[en] Several observations indicate vibrational effects in some fuel elements of the KNK-II core. This report describes how the coolant outlet temperature of each fuel element was used successfully as a means of the identification of these vibrations. As a result the cause of the sharp peaks in the power spectral density of the KNK-II reactivity noise was found. (orig.)
[de]
Aus verschiedenen Beobachtungen an der KNK-II war zu vermuten, dass an einigen Brennelementen Schwingungen auftreten. Hier wird beschrieben wie die Kuehlmittelaustrittstemperatur am Brennelementkopf zur Identifikation dieser Schwingungen erfolgreich eingesetzt wurde. Damit ist die Ursache fuer die scharfen Resonanzen im Reaktivitaetsspektrum der KNK-II gefunden. (orig.)Primary Subject
Source
Jun 1981; 18 p
Record Type
Report
Report Number
Country of publication
ENRICHED URANIUM REACTORS, EPITHERMAL REACTORS, EXPERIMENTAL REACTORS, FAST REACTORS, FUNCTIONS, HYDRIDE MODERATED REACTORS, LIQUID METAL COOLED REACTORS, MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, POWER REACTORS, RADIATION FLUX, REACTOR COMPONENTS, REACTORS, RESEARCH AND TEST REACTORS, SODIUM COOLED REACTORS, SPECTRAL FUNCTIONS, SZR TYPE REACTORS
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
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