[en] For the title differentiation a method has been developed to differentiate the total calculated external costs per means of transportation, region, inside and outside the built-up area and type of goods in the Netherlands. Attention is paid to the external effects energy consumption, air polluting emissions, noise pollution and unsafety in traffic. The external values have been assessed, following two methods by which national external costs can be determined. However, the results of the two methods show considerable differences. From the differentiation of external costs per vehicle type it appears that road traffic is responsible for the major part of the external costs, in particular heavy trucks (50%). In the Dutch provinces Gelderland and Noord-Brabant much passing traffic takes place, which explains the relatively high external costs in these provinces outside the built-up regions. The transport of the category 'other goods' shows the highest external costs. The external costs of the transportation of goods, expressed as a percentage of the value of the products is for almost all the types of goods less than 1%. 21 figs., 23 tabs., 2 appendices, 26 refs

[en] Analyses of marine and terrestrial samples collected in August 2003 from Bylot Sound at Thule, Northwest Greenland, show that plutonium from nuclear weapons in the American B52 plane, which crashed on the sea ice in January 1968, persists in the environment. The highest concentrations of plutonium are found in the marine sediments under the location where the plane crashed. The distribution of plutonium in the marine sediment is very inhomogeneous and associated with hot particles with activities found up to 1500 Bq ^239,240Pu. Sediment samples collected in Wolstenholme Fjord north of the accident site show plutonium concentrations, which illustrates the redistribution of plutonium after the accident. The total plutonium inventory in the sediments has been assessed based on systematic analyses considering hot particles. The inventory of ^239,240Pu in the sediments within a distance of 17 km from the point of impact of the B52 plane is estimated at 2.9 TBq (1 kg). Earlier estimates of the inventory were approximately 1.4 TBq ^239,240Pu. Seawater and seaweed samples show increased concentrations of plutonium in Bylot Sound. The increased concentrations are due to resuspension of plutonium-containing particles from the seabed and transport further away from the area. Plutonium concentrations in seawater, seaweed and benthic animals in Bylot Sound are low but clearly above background levels. All soil samples collected from Narssarssuk show accident plutonium with levels above background. Plutonium is very inhomogeneously distributed and associated with particles in the surface layers. Hot particles were found in soil with activities up to 150 Bq ^239,240Pu. Plutonium in the marine environment at Thule presents an insignificant risk to man. Most plutonium remains in the seabed under Bylot Sound far from man under relatively stable conditions and concentrations of plutonium in seawater and animals are low. However, the plutonium contamination of surface soil at Narssarssuk could constitute a small risk to humans visiting the location if radioactive particles are resuspended in the air so that they might be inhaled. (au)

No abstract available

[en] The sorption of technetium in pertechnetate form on carbon has been investigated. The sorption is pH dependent with maximal distribution coefficients, K_d, in the order of 10⁶ at pH 2-4 for activated carbon with a grain size ≤100 μm. The equilibrium time to reach such distribution coefficient was about 5 h at room temperature. The exact mechanisms for the sorption are not fully understood but reduction of Tc by the carbon might be an important process. Technetium can effectively and rapidly (5 l min^-1) be sorbed from very large volumes (several hundred liters) of environmental waters on commercial cartridge filters impregnated with activated carbon. After incineration, the filters can be analyzed for ⁹⁹Tc by conventional methods

[en] Sixfold energy spectra have been measured for the (p,pα) reaction at 157MeV on ²⁴Mg, ²⁸Si, ⁴⁰Ca and ⁵⁸Ni around quasi-free kinematic conditions. For the three s-d shell nuclei the experiment covered a map ranging from 0 to 220MeV/c in recoil momentum and from 0 to 20MeV in excitation energy of the final nucleus. Recoil momentum distributions have been obtained for the 0⁺ ground state and the 2⁺ first excited state of ²⁰Ne, ²⁴Mg and ³⁶A, and also for the states around 4.4MeV (mainly 4⁺) of ³⁶A. The α spectroscopic factors extracted by a DWIA analysis are about 3 times larger than those predicted by the SU(3) model; however, they agree quite well in relative magnitude for a number of cases. The disagreement in shape between experiment and theory observed at low recoil momentum for the 2⁺ states might result from another reaction mechanisms. The cross-sections for ⁵⁸Ni are about a factor of 10 smaller than those for ⁴⁰Ca. The ⁵⁸Ni(p,pα)⁵⁴Fe reaction seems to lead mainly to excited states of the final nucleus

[en] Differential cross-sections have been measured from 0 to 200 MeV/c recoil momentum and from 0 to 20 MeV excitation energy of the residual nuclei. The extraction of spectroscopic factors is under way

[en] Recent distorted-wave impulse-approximation analyses of (p,2p) reactions induced by polarized and unpolarized protons have assumed that the spin-orbit parts of the distorting potentials can be omitted. Calculations which include spin-orbit terms for all three particles are compared with experimental data. In most cases the effects are small although there are noticeable changes in the case of ⁴⁰Ca(p/sub pol/,2p)³⁹K at 200 MeV

[en] Sixfold energy spectra have been measured for the (p,pα) reaction at 157 MeV on ²⁴Mg, ²⁸Si, ⁴⁰Ca and ⁵⁸Ni around quasi-free kinematic conditions. For the three s-d shell nuclei the experiment covered a map ranging from 0 to 220 MeV/c in recoil momentum and from 0 to 20 MeV in excitation energy of the final nucleus. Recoil momentum distributions have been obtained for the 0⁺ ground state and the 2⁺ first excited state of ²⁰Ne, ²⁴Mg and ³⁶Ar, and also for the states around 4.4 MeV (mainly 4⁺) of ³⁶Ar. The α spectroscopic factors extracted by a DWIA analysis are about three times larger than those predicted by the SU(3) model; however, they agree quite well in relative magnitude for a number of cases. The disagreement in shape between experiment and theory observed at low recoil momentum for the 2⁺ states might result from another reaction mechanism. The cross sections for ⁵⁸Ni are about a factor of ten smaller than those for ⁴⁰Ca. The ⁵⁸Ni(p,pα)⁵⁴Fe reaction seems to lead mainly to excited states of the final nucleus. (Auth.)

[en] Quasi-free (p,pα) scattering has been studied, at 157MeV, on the even-even nuclei ²⁴Mg, ⁴⁰Ca α-spectroscopic factors have been extracted for the 0⁺ ground states of the ²⁰Ne and ³⁶Ar recoil nuclei, from the cross section distributions as functions of the recoil momentum

[en] Seven highly purified dimeric forms of human pituitary growth hormone, composed of the monomeric forms 20 K hGH, 22K hGH and 24 k hBH linked together by noncovalent or covalent bounds, have been characterized by an in vitro bioassay (the Nb2 assay), a radioreceptor assay and a radioimmunoassay. Considerable differences in the ability to displace labelled recombinant hGH were observed in the radioreceptor assay. The seven dimeric forms varied over a range between 22 K hGH (most effective) and 20 K hGH. The three covalently-linked dimeric forms had nearly identical affinity constants. The mitogenic action of all but one of the hGH dimers in the Nb2 assay was in the same mutual order as the receptor binding activity in the radioreceptor assay. In the RIA, all dose-response curves were parallel except for those obtained with 20 K hGH and with the dimeric form (20 K-20 K)hGH. In this assay, dimeric variants of the constituents 22 K hGH and 24 K hGH were approximately twice as active as 22 K hGH on a molar basis, suggesting about the same affinity between the the antibodies and each of the monomeric forms. Determination of the amino acid compositions of the dimeric forms provided support for their content of monomeric constituents as established earlier by electrophoretic analysis. (author)