[en] The age of the universe is the time that has elapsed since the Big Bang. To calculate the age, the expansion rate of the universe and distance to the galaxies must be determined. Unfortunately, it appears that the expansion rate is not constant but is decelerating. In the 1920's and 30's, Edwin Hubble set out to estimate the age of universe based on the expansion rate and distance to the galaxies. His method is described along with its flaw. Since that time several others have estimated the age of the universe. Their methods as well as results vary. These are discussed in the article. The ages determined from the various methods range from 10 to 20 billion years. There are two independent ways to determine the age of the universe. What they actually do is determine the age of our galaxy which would give a lower limit to the age of the universe. The first method calculates age of globular clusters which yields as age range from 8 to 18 billion years. The second method involves observing the speed at which radioactive substances decay. This also yields and age greater than 10 billion years. It is clear that there is still a lot of work to do before the true age of the universe can be determied

[en] The lattice for the rings of the Superconducting Super Collider is divided into arcs, a FODO array of superconducting quadrupoles and dipoles; interaction regions, places where the beams are focused and brought into collision within physics detectors; and utility sections, places where injection, acceleration, abort, halo-scraping, and other control and diagnostic functions are performed. Recent modifications to the utility region design are reported here. Briefly these include lowering injection Β-maxima by 40%; reducing the lengths and varieties of superconducting quadrupoles; improving conditions for injection matching; increasing abort admittance; mitigating component interferences; and identifying places for dampers and other beam instrumentation

[en] In this note we consider compensation of the vertical angle at the IP that arises when the NLC beam enters the detector solenoid. While this angle is antisymmetric for e⁺e^- collisions and does not affect luminosity, compensating this angle is desirable to guarantee knowledge of polarization at the IP. For the e^-e^- case compensation is necessary also from the luminosity point of view. We show in this note that the most effective compensation can be done locally, with a special dipole coil arrangement incorporated into the detector. It is shown that compensation can be achieved for both e⁺e^- and e^-e^- case and that this scheme is compatible with beam size compensation by both the standard method, using skew quadrupoles, and by means of more advantageous method using weak antisolenoids

[en] QDO, the final focus (FF) magnet closest to the interaction point (P) for the ILC 20 mr crossing angle layout, must provide strong focusing yet be adjustable to accommodate collision energy changes for energy scans and low energy calibration ruling. But it must be compact to allow disrupted beam and Beamstrahlung coming from the IP to pass outside into an independent instrumented beam line to a high-power beam absorber. The QDO design builds upon BNL experience making direct wind superconducting magnets. We present test results for a QDO magnetic test prototype and introduce a new shielded magnet design, to replace the previous side-by-side design concept, that greatly simplifies the field correction scheme and holds promise of working for crossing angles as small as 14 mr

[en] The 20 TeV beam absorbers for the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) present a formidable design challenge. Protons from the SSC will have: 20 times the energy, be 20 times harder to bend, and be distributed with a natural transvers-size √20 times smaller than from all previous accelerators. This paper concentrates on the thermo-physical demands made on a beam backstop in terminating 20 TeV protons. In particular radiation-shielding, logic, control, and beam diagnostic requirements will not be discussed. We will report on Monte Carlo simulations, made using the MARS10 code of N. Mokhov which provides a basis for evaluating beam spreading and painting scenarios. The merits of various standard painting schemes are than discussed. Finally we present some new options for spreading the beam spot which are currently under investigations. 12 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab

[en] This book discusses the following topics: the search for meaning; Einstein's dream; curved space; Einstein and warped space-time and extreme wraping; early unified field theories; star death; beyond the white dwarf; the early universe; the hadron, Lepton, and Radiation eras; the redshift controversy; other universes; the final fate of the universe; the missing mass; bounce; fate of the open universe; the world of particles and fields; Dirac's equation; Yukawa; gauge theory; quantum chromodynamics; supergravity and superstrings; twistors and heaven; and the new Einstein

[en] The ATF2 facility at KEK is a proving ground for linear collider technology with a well instrumented extracted beam line and Final Focus (FF). The primary ATF2 goal is to demonstrate the extreme beam demagnification and spot stability needed for a linear collider FF. But the ATF2 FF uses water cooled magnets and the ILC baseline has a superconducting (SC) FF. We plan to upgrade ATF2 and replace some of the warm FF magnets with SC FF magnets. The ATF2 SC magnets, like the ILC FF, will made via direct wind construction. ATF2 coil winding is in progress at BNL and warm magnetic measurements indicate we have achieved good field quality. Studies indicate that having ATF2 FF magnets with larger aperture and better field quality should allow reducing the ATF2 FF beta function for study of focusing regimes relevant to CLIC. The ATF2 magnet cryostat will have laser view ports for directly monitoring cold mass movement. We plan to make stability measurements at BNL and KEK to relate ATF2 FF magnet performance to that of a full length ILC QD0 R and D FF prototype under construction at BNL.

[en] In this paper we revisit using skew quadrupole fields in place of traditional normal upright quadrupole fields to make beam focusing structures. We illustrate by example skew lattice decoupling, dispersion suppression and chromatic correction using the neutrino factory Study-II muon storage ring design. Ongoing BNL investigation of flat coil magnet structures that allow building a very compact muon storage ring arc and other flat coil configurations that might bring significant magnet cost reduction to a VLHC motivate our study of skew focusing

[en] This paper presents a method for compensating the vertical orbit change through the Interaction Region (IR) that arises when the beam enters the Linear Collider detector solenoid at a crossing angle. Such compensation is required because any deviation of the vertical orbit causes degradation of the beam size due to synchrotron radiation, and also because the nonzero total vertical angle causes rotation of the polarization vector of the bunch. Compensation may be necessary to preserve the luminosity or to guarantee knowledge of the polarization at the Interaction Point (IP). The most effective compensation is done locally with a special dipole coil arrangement incorporated into the detector (Detector Integrated Dipole). The compensation is effective for both e⁺e^- and e^-e^- beams, and the technique is compatible with beam size compensation either by the standard method, using skew quadrupoles, or by a more effective method using weak antisolenoids

[en] Serpentine winding, a recent innovation developed at BNL for direct winding superconducting magnets, allows winding a coil layer of arbitrary multipolarity in one continuous winding process and greatly simplifies magnet design and production compared to the planar patterns used before. Serpentine windings were used for the BEPC-II Upgrade and JPARC magnets and are proposed to make compact final focus magnets for the EC. Serpentine patterns exhibit a direct connection between 2D body harmonics and harmonics derived from the integral fields. Straightforward 2D optimization yields good integral field quality with uniformly spaced (natural) coil ends. This and other surprising features of Serpentine windings are addressed in this paper