[en] Climate change, loss of biodiversity and environmental degradation affect the public health. In particular, the increase and persistence of high temperature spells could put a large part of the population at serious risk, and drastically limit human activity. Yet, heat waves are underrepresented in analyses of extreme weather events, and particularly in economic assessments. This lack of study, combined with the low risk perception of the population, limits the will to implement adaptation measures even though the impacts are avoidable. This article presents the evolution of the global economic impact of the health effects of heat waves in France between 1974 and 2020. (authors)
[fr]
Le changement climatique, la perte de la biodiversite et l'alteration globale de l'environnement deteriorent la sante des populations. Plus particulierement, l'augmentation des periodes marquees par des temperatures elevees et leur persistance pourraient constituer un risque majeur pour une large part de la population et limiter drastiquement l'activite humaine. Pourtant, les vagues de chaleur sont sous-representees dans les analyses des evenements meteorologiques extremes, en particulier dans les evaluations economiques. Ce manque d'etudes, associe a la faible perception par la population du risque lie a la chaleur, limite la mise en place de mesures d'adaptation, alors que les effets des canicules sont en grande partie evitables. Cet article presente l'evolution de l'impact economique global des effets sanitaires des vagues de chaleur observees en France entre 1974 et 2020. (auteurs)Journal
Responsabilite et Environnement; ISSN 1268-4783; 
; (no.106); p. 42-47
; (no.106); p. 42-47
[en] This special dossier about the impacts of climate change is made of 6 contributions dealing with: the mitigation of climate effects and how to deal with them (Bertrand Reysset); how to dare and transmit (Laurent Billes-Garabedian); littoral risks, the Pas-de-Calais example (Julien Henique); extreme meteorological events and health impacts (Mathilde Pascal, Philippe Pirard, Yvon Motreff); Biodiversity and climate: the janus of global change (Robert Barbault, Jacques Weber); adapting agriculture to dryness and temperatures (Philippe Gate); Paris and the future heats of the year 2100 (Jean-Luc Salagnac, Julien Desplat, Raphaelle Kounkou-Arnaud)
Journal
Jaune et la Rouge; ISSN 0021-5554; ; (no.679); p. 7-29
; (no.679); p. 7-29
[en] Climate change contributes to a rapid and deep modification of the environment. In the same time, other factors such as population increase, ageing or urbanization increase the vulnerability to various environmental and health risks. Chains of complex interactions are impacting populations' health and well-being. Developing prevention measures is an asset to reduce the health impacts of present climate change (through adaptation measures) and to limit the intensity of future impacts (through mitigation measures). Mitigation will result in major changes in several sectors, for instance housing, transports or agriculture. Taking into account the potential health impacts is important to avoid choices impairing human health, and to maximize health co-benefits. In this paper we propose a reflection on how present and future climate change in France challenges epidemiology and public health in the next few years. While many questions remain unanswered, there is a consensus on the importance of the links between climate change and human health, that can be summarized into three points: 1) climate change already impacts human health, 2) adaptation and mitigation are needed to reduce those impacts, 3) adaptation and mitigation can rely on immediate measures that would be beneficial for health and for climate. An integrated and interdisciplinary approach is essential to tackle the complexity of the issue, of its implications for public health, for research, surveillance and intervention. (authors)
Journal
BEH. Bulletin Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire; ISSN 0245-7466; ; (no.38-39); p. 717-723
; (no.38-39); p. 717-723
[en] The continuous improvement of air quality in the region of Ile-de-France has saved many lives. However, the negative impact observed remains substantial. For more than 30 years, the regional health observatory (Observatoire regional de sante, ORS) in Ile-de-France has supported public policies to improve air quality by carrying out quantitative health impact assessments (QHIA). Conducted in partnership with Airparif, the present study aimed to qualify mortality over the 10 past years in Ile-de-France due to human-induced air pollution and to estimate the benefits should the concentrations observed in 2019 be reduced according to WHO recommendations. We also investigated the impact of restrictions enforced in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. This QHIA relies on methodological guides produced by Sante publique France, the French public health agency, and uses the relative risks established in scientific literature. Fine-scale geographic data on PM2.5, NO2 and O3 concentrations (reference years 2008-2010 and 2017-2019) and resident populations were used to estimate the distribution of exposure. We applied the estimated attributable fraction to observed mortality (reference years 2004-2008 and 2011-2015) in order to compute the overall benefits of air-quality improvement in terms of preventable deaths and gains in life expectancy. Between 2010 and 2019, the number of deaths from long exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), one of the main air pollutants, fell from 10,350 [3,840-15,660] to 6,220 [2,240-9,650], representing a 40% decrease. This is equivalent to an average gain in life expectancy of 8 months per habitant in Ile-de-France. Taking further measures and reducing air pollution to a level under the threshold recommended by the WHO could avoid more than 7,900 [2,240-13,630] deaths per year on average in Ile-de-France, which represents the combined impact of PM2.5 and O3 (2019 data). Assessing the health impact of exposure to pollution provides further evidence for public health action. These estimations are useful to inform stakeholders, guide public policies for air-quality improvement, and encourage social acceptability of measures.
[fr]
La pollution de l'air constitue un enjeu de sante publique particulierement important en Ile-de- France. L'ORS Ile-de-France accompagne depuis plus de 30 ans les politiques d'amelioration de la qualite de l'air par la realisation d'evaluations quantitatives d'impact sur la sante (EQIS). Cette etude, menee en partenariat avec Airparif, comporte trois grands axes: (1) evolution de la mortalite attribuable a l'exposition a la pollution atmospherique d'origine anthropique depuis 10 ans en Ile-de-France, (2) evaluation des benefices attendus si les concentrations observees en 2019 etaient ramenees au niveau des recommandations OMS, (3) Effet des mesures de restrictions mises en place en 2020. Ces EQIS se focalisent sur les impacts sur la mortalite (deces et esperance de vie) de l'exposition chronique (a long terme) a trois polluants reglementes: PM2,5, NO2 et O3. Ces evaluations s'appuient sur les guides methodologiques produits par Sante publique France. Les donnees de population mobilisees pour ces evaluations sont georeferencees au batiment. Le croisement de ces donnees avec les concentrations de polluants estimees par Airparif a une resolution fine permet d'estimer les niveaux d'exposition de la population. Ces expositions sont rapportees a un niveau de reference (absence de pollution anthropique, recommandations OMS, niveaux modelises) afin de definir un differentiel d'exposition. La part de deces attribuables (ou evitables) a ce differentiel est ensuite estimee en mobilisant les risques relatifs recommandes. Cette part est enfin rapportee aux nombres de deces observes dans la population consideree afin d'estimer l'impact en nombre de cas attribuables (ou evitables) ainsi qu'en perte moyenne (ou gain moyen) d'esperance de vie. Entre 2010 le nombre annuel de deces attribuables a l'exposition prolongee au PM2,5 etait de 10 350 et a baisse de 40 % en 2019. Tous les territoires ont beneficie de cette amelioration. Cette tendance concerne egalement le NO2, avec une diminution de 19 % du nombre de deces attribuables a son exposition. Si les niveaux de pollution actuellement observes ne depassaient pas les valeurs annuelles recommandees par l'OMS (5 μg/m3 pour les PM2,5, 10 μg/m3 pour le NO2, et 60 μg/m3 pour l'O3), annuellement de l'ordre 6 220 deces pourraient etre evites en lien avec les PM2,5, soit 9 % des deces observes, et 2 350 deces en lien avec le NO2, soit 3,4 % des deces observes. Cela representerait un gain respectif moyen de 7,7 mois et 2,7 mois d'esperance de vie a 30 ans. Ces deux resultats ne peuvent pas etre directement additionnes car une partie des deces lies a l'exposition aux PM2,5 et NO2 se recoupent. De plus, de l'ordre de 1700 deces en lien avec l'ozone pourraient egalement etre evites, soit 2,4 % des deces observes. Par ailleurs, en 2020, les mesures exceptionnelles de restriction ont permis d'eviter respectivement 310 deces en lien avec le NO2 et 200 en lien avec les PM2,5. evaluer l'impact sur la sante de l'exposition a la pollution de l'air permet d'objectiver l'enjeu de sante publique que represente ce facteur de risque. Ainsi ces chiffres peuvent etre utilises pour informer les parties prenantes, orienter les politiques publiques d'amelioration de la qualite de l'air et favoriser l'acceptabilite sociale des mesures. Ces evaluations permettent egalement d'encourager la poursuite de l'action qui a permis une amelioration continue de la qualite de l'air. Les benefices sanitaires consequents que les actions d'amelioration de la qualite de l'air ont engendres inscrivent la lutte contre la pollution de l'air comme une mesure de sante publique particulierement pertinente et efficace et qu'il faut poursuivreSource
Feb 2022; 109 p; ISBN 978-2-7371-2162-3; ; 31 refs.; Available from the INIS Liaison Officer for France, see the INIS website for current contact and E-mail addresses
; 31 refs.; Available from the INIS Liaison Officer for France, see the INIS website for current contact and E-mail addresses
[en] Ozone and fine particles are current risk factors for premature death all over the globe. In coming decades, substantial improvements in public health may be achieved by reducing air pollution. The overall objective of the A-C HIA project (2011-2014) was to apply state of the art climate, air quality, and health modelling tools to assess future health impacts of O_3 and PM2.5 under different scenarios of emissions for the period 2030-2050. A-C HIA created an interdisciplinary team to study the impacts of climate change on health through air quality changes, and to establish longer-term collaborations between communities. This question has been explored at three spatial scales: global, regional (Europe), and urban (ile-de-France). We f ind that 1.5 millions of cardio-vascular deaths could be delayed each year in 2030 compared to 2010. In Europe, air-pollution-related mortality should decrease in 2030 compared to 2010. At the finer scale (ile-de-France) we found that the respiratory mortality should increase over the highly populated area of Paris. In the coming years, substantial benefits to public health could be achieved through coordinated strategies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and improving air quality. (authors)
Journal
[en] This study had two objectives: - evaluate the short- and longer-term impacts on mortality in metropolitan France resulting from the temporary decrease in population's exposure to air pollution caused by the steps taken to limit the spread of the Covid-19 epidemic in the spring of 2020. - reevaluate the burden or total impact of air pollution on annual mortality in metropolitan France during 2016-2019 to provide context for our findings and, more broadly, to update the estimates published by Sante Publique France in 2016. Methods: Concerning the first objective, the reduction in exposure to air pollution was estimated by calculating the difference between the modeled exposure of the population during both the strict lockdown and the gradually lifted lockdown and the simulated exposure that would have been observed in the absence of these lockdown measures. Concerning the second objective, the annual average concentration was estimated for the years 2016-2019. The quantitative health impact assessment method (QHIA) was used to estimate the impact on mortality of the French population: 1) in the short and longer term resulting from decreases in the levels of PM10/PM2.5 and NO2 seen during the lockdown; and 2) in the long term resulting from exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations to estimate the total burden for the years 2016-2019. Results: The limiting of activities during the lockdown in the spring of 2020 reduced NO2 and PM population's exposures that resulted, in the short term, in around 60 deaths avoided in relation to PM10, and in 300 in relation to NO2. In the longer term, for the period July 2019 to June 2020, the impact was greater, with 2,300 deaths avoided in relation to PM2.5 and nearly 900 in relation to NO2 Our study reevaluated the burden or total impact of air pollution on long-term mortality in metropolitan France using the same scenarios and concentration-response functions as those used in the study by Sante publique France in 2016, which estimated that 48,000 deaths per year were attributable to PM2.5 exposure in 2007-2008. The results underscore the fact that the total burden remains significant with nearly 40,000 annual deaths attributable to PM2.5 exposure and nearly 7,000 deaths attributable to NO2 exposure. Conclusion: This study estimates a posteriori the changes in mortality resulting from the reductions in ambient air pollution observed during the first lockdown in the spring of 2020 in metropolitan France. In this unprecedented context, neither realistic nor desirable for improving air quality in the long term, this study showed that public actions appear to be effective in reducing air pollution levels, population exposure and the resulting impact on health. A number of learnings can already be drawn in terms of public actions and changes in behavioral patterns, such as working remotely and travel modes that will likely be long lasting in France. Moreover, the results underline that although mortality related to ambient air pollution shows a downward trend, it remains a significant risk factor in France, and that efforts to reduce air pollution must continue lastingly for all pollution sources with graduated but ambitious implementation
[fr]
Cette etude a repondu a deux objectifs: - evaluer les impacts a court et plus long terme sur la mortalite, de la diminution transitoire de l'exposition de la population a la pollution de l'air ambiant en lien avec les mesures prises pour limiter la propagation de l'epidemie de Covid-19 au printemps 2020; - reevaluer le fardeau ou poids total a long terme de la pollution de l'air ambiant sur la mortalite annuelle en France metropolitaine pour la periode 2016-2019 afin de mettre en perspective les resultats obtenus, et plus largement pour actualiser les estimations publiees en 2016 par Sante publique France. Methodes: Concernant le premier objectif, la reduction de l'exposition a la pollution de l'air ambiant a ete estimee en calculant la difference entre, d'une part, l'exposition modelisee de la population pendant le confinement strict et la levee progressive du confinement, et d'autre part l'exposition simulee qui aurait ete observee en l'absence des mesures de confinement. Pour le second objectif, la concentration moyenne annuelle a ete estimee sur la periode 2016-2019. La methode d'evaluation quantitative d'impact sur la sante (EQIS) a ete utilisee pour estimer les consequences sur la mortalite de la population francaise: 1/ a court terme et a plus long terme, consequences des reductions des niveaux de PM10/PM2,5 et du NO2 observes durant le confinement, et 2/ a long terme, estimation du poids total de la pollution sur la periode 2016-2019. Resultats: La limitation des activites pendant le confinement au printemps 2020 a entraine une reduction de l'exposition de la population francaise au NO2 et aux PM qui a permis d'eviter, a court terme, environ 60 deces evites en lien avec les PM10 et 300 en lien avec le NO2. A plus long terme, sur la periode de juin 2019 a juillet 2020, l'impact etait plus important avec 2 300 deces evites en lien avec les PM2,5 et pres de 900 en lien avec le NO2. Notre etude a reevalue le fardeau ou poids total de la pollution atmospherique sur la mortalite a long terme en France metropolitaine en utilisant les memes scenarios et fonction concentration-risque que ceux utilises dans l'etude de Sante publique France de 2016 qui avait estime a 48 000 le nombre de deces annuels attribuables a l'exposition aux PM2,5 en 2007-2008. Les resultats de la presente etude soulignent le fait que le fardeau ou poids total demeure consequent avec pres de 40 000 deces annuels attribuables a l'exposition aux PM2,5 et pres de 7 000 deces attribuables a l'exposition au NO2. Conclusion: Cette etude estime a posteriori les consequences sur la mortalite des baisses de la pollution de l'air ambiant observees durant le premier confinement au printemps 2020 en France metropolitaine. Elle constitue une nouvelle illustration confirmant que, dans un contexte inedit qui n'est certainement pas realiste ni souhaitable pour ameliorer la qualite de l'air a long terme, les mesures d'actions publiques apparaissent comme un levier efficace pour reduire a la fois les niveaux de pollution, l'exposition de la population et ses repercussions sur la sante. Certains enseignements peuvent etre capitalises en termes de mesures d'actions publiques ou de changements comportementaux (teletravail, report modal,...) qui sont vraisemblablement appeles a se perenniser au sein de la societe francaise. De plus, les resultats soulignent que si la mortalite liee a la pollution de l'air ambiant presente une tendance a la baisse, elle demeure un facteur de risque consequent en France. Les efforts de reduction de la pollution de l'air ambiant doivent par consequent etre poursuivis durablement pour toutes les sources de pollution avec une transition adaptee mais neanmoins ambitieuseSource
Apr 2021; 76 p; ISSN 2609-2174; ; ISBN 979-10-289-0692-4; ; 55 refs.; Available from the INIS Liaison Officer for France, see the INIS website for current contact and E-mail addresses
; ISBN 979-10-289-0692-4; ; 55 refs.; Available from the INIS Liaison Officer for France, see the INIS website for current contact and E-mail addresses
[en] After a recall of some definitions (extreme events, risks related to extreme events) and a discussion of the way extreme meteorological events are addressed by social sciences, this publication proposes an overview of extreme climatic events which occurred in the past and are occurring now by addressing observations, human and financial costs. It also outlines the relationship between already observed changes and human activities. Then, it discusses the future impact of climate change on major natural risks. The next part addresses the prevention and management of risks related to extreme climatic events (issues of adaptation, of mobilisation of all actors, of a structured and long-term policy which articulated additional actions, examples of implementation of measures to reduce vulnerability and exposure to risks). The document also contains the activity report of the ONERC (the French national observatory of effects of global warming)
Source
2018; 200 p; ISBN 978-2-11-145703-4; ; 139 refs.; Available from the INIS Liaison Officer for France, see the INIS website for current contact and E-mail addresses
; 139 refs.; Available from the INIS Liaison Officer for France, see the INIS website for current contact and E-mail addresses