[en] This report contains a preliminary assessment of the radiation dose and potential health impact of the accident on March 28, 1979 at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station. This assessment was prepared by a task group composed of technical staff members from The Environmental Protection Agency, The Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and The Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The estimated dose that might have been received by an individual is less than 100 mrem. The collective dose received by the 2,164,000 people estimated to live within 50 miles of the reactor site is calculated to be 3,300 person-rem (with a range of 1600 to 5300 person-rem). This corresponds to an average dose of approximately 1.5 mrem. The potential number of fatal cancers that is projected to occur as a result of the accident is less than 1. This potential impact would be undetectable compared to the 325,000 cancer deaths that would normally be expected to occur in a population of 2,164,000. The estimated total health impact, including fatal and non-fatal cancers and genetic effects to all future generations is approximately 2 health effects

[en] At BESSY a beamline for applications in laterally resolved photoelectron-spectroscopy is planned. The performance of such a small spot scanning ESCA line (ESCAN) using synchrotron radiation is described. In the present design a combination of a stigmatically focussing SX-700 type plane grating monochromator and a zone plate create a microspot of less than 5 μm in diameter. The flux concentrated in that spot should make small spot ESCA possible even with synchrotron radiation from dipole magnets

[en] The influence of tocopherol, administered intramuscularly in different single doses, on the effect of local irradiation of a transplanted rat sarcoma was investigated. Tocopherol in doses of 5, 25 or 50 mg/100 g body weight enhanced significantly the tumour growth retardation induced by irradiation. Tocopherol in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight as a placebo preparation had no similar effect. The influence of tocopherol administered intramuscularly or orally in identical doses was similar. (Auth.)

[en] A continuous radon monitoring system has been constructed where the memory effect is eliminated by multiplying the number of pulses in each time interval with a correction function. The essential components of the system are the flow-through detector, a zinc sulphide cell attached to a PM-tube, and a microprocessor. The time resolution of the system has been measured by exposing the detector to radon pulses of different lengths. The response is in good agreement with the true radon concentration provided the radon pulse duration is long compared to the time constant used. A sensitivity down to 20 Bq/m³ radon is achievable with a low background ZnS-cell. (author)

[en] By fully exploiting the properties of synchrotron radiation, a surface photoyield spectrum of a metal, namely aluminum, was obtained for the first time. This type of spectrum has been theoretically discussed since 1928. The extreme surface sensitivity, which is implicit in the transition matrix element for the surface photoexcitation process, was experimentally confirmed. The applied photoemission technique, therefore, provides one of the most powerful tools for the investigation of charge distribution and dielectric response at metal surfaces

[en] The sensitivity of CFU-S 7D mammalian cells to 0.1 Gy γ-irradiation was studied following pre-irradiation with the same dose. It was observed that with a time interval of 30 minutes between two exposures to 0.01 and 0.1 Gy, enzyme inactivation and recovery was enhanced. With an interval of 4 hours the cells responded to the second irradiation as if they had not been exposed. There was thus a radiation induced resistance against a second dose - regarding inactivation of thymidine kinase. With an interval of 12 hours, the cells reacted to the second dose again, similarly to a single dose. (UK)

[en] In order to detect injury to stem cells which neither kills them nor inhibits their reproductive integrity, an assay method was used which measures the proliferative ability of irradiated bone marrow relative to unirradiated bone marrow, following transfusion into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Neither the proliferation factor nor the CFU-S number per femur recovered completely within one year after 5 Gy, and the number of CFU-S per femur was more suppressed than the PF. (UK)

[en] This paper presents DOE's requirements, process, and implementation guidance for the control and release of property that may contain residual radioactive material. DOE requires that criteria and protocols for release of property be approved by DOE and that such limits be selected using DOE's As Low as is Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) process. A DOE Implementation Guide discusses how the levels and details (e.g., cleanup volumes, costs of surveys, disposal costs, dose to workers and doses to members of the public, social and economic factors) of candidate release options are to be evaluated using DOE's ALARA process. Supporting tools and models for use within the analysis are also highlighted. (author)

[en] The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has developed guidance for establishing cleanup criteria or authorized limits for sites containing residual radioactive material. The DOE requires that the as-low-as-reasonably-achievable (ALARA) process be applied. This process results in the development of cleanup levels that are as low as practicable giving due consideration to health, environment, economics, cultural, and natural resources and other factors. The process employs a cost-benefit optimization analysis and, where appropriate and feasible, considers multiple attributes. Frequently, some important factors or attributes do not lend themselves to quantification in a cost-benefit study and therefore must be considered qualitatively in the process. While the cost-benefit analysis is not the only consideration, it is an important clement in the establishment of cleanup criteria and selection of remedial alternatives. Key to the cost-benefit process is the relation between cleanup level and dose. This is determined through pathway analysis methodology. This paper discusses the pathway analysis process and will cover radiologically and nonradiologically contaminated sites and building contamination

[en] This manual provides information on the design and application of the RESidual RADioactivity (RESRAD) code. It describes the basic models and parameters used in the RESRAD code to calculate doses and risks from residual radioactive materials and the procedures for applying these models to calculate operational guidelines for soil contamination. RESRAD has undergone many improvements to make it more realistic in terms of the models used in the code and the parameters used as defaults. Version 6 contains a total of 145 radionuclides (92 principal and 53 associated radionuclides), and the cutoff half-life for associated radionuclides has been reduced to 1 month. Other major improvements to the RESRAD code include its ability to run uncertainty analyses, additional options for graphical and text output, a better dose conversion factor editor, updated databases, a better groundwater transport model for long decay chains, an external ground radiation pathway model, an inhalation area factor model, time-integration of dose and risk, and a better graphical user interface. In addition, RESRAD has been benchmarked against other codes in the environmental assessment and site cleanup arena, and RESRAD models have been verified and validated