[en] Lithium air battery system electro-chemically couples lithium metal anode to atmospheric oxygen through an air cathode. Due to the fact that the only electrolyte composition aprotic (proton donor) of lithium-air battery has shown the best refillable electric power, has attracted the electrical system in all parts of the world even more effort now. Aprotic electrolytes which are used include organic carbonates (e.g. ethylene carbonate. dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate), or ethers (tetrahydrofuran (THF), dioxolane) or esters (γ-butyrolactone), Manganese dioxide catalyzed porous carbon cathode. PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) binder. Teflon (PTFE) membrane is normally deposited on air side of cathode to control moisture penetration in it. Lithium salts, such as LiN (SO/sub 2/CF/sub 3/),/sub 2/, LiSO/sub 3/CF/sub 3/, LiPF/sub 6/, LiAsF/sub 6/ can be used in electrolyte to improve their conductivity. Polyethylene terephthalate layers or polypropylene layer are normally used as casing material whereas Nickel foam is used as current collector material. It is noted from the literature that Gold and Platinum enhance the charge discharge efficiency as catalysts. Most of the research on lithium air batteries has its focus on developing lithium air batteries for hybrid transportation vehicles. High reactivity of pure metallic lithium anode creates the major safety concerns. Nowadays research is mainly focused on developing certain protective mechanism to overcome this hindrance in the commercialization of lithium air batteries. (author)

[en] Investigations were made on the application of combination treatments of radiation with common salt at the doses of 50, 100 and 150 krad on the shelflife extension of hilsha fish slices at 5 deg. C. Quality assessments were made by chemical, bacteriological and sensory evaluations. The storage life of control samples of the same storage temperature was about 3 weeks, whereas salted samples treated with 100 Krad were acceptable up to 9 weeks. Results of bacteriological tests agreed well with sensory panel evaluations but chemical parameters such as TVB and TMA were not suitable index for quality assessment of irradiated salted fish samples

[en] The implementation of a three-dimensional electron-dose algorithm based on a Gaussian pencil-beam model is described, which calculates dose to an arbitrarily distributed set of points in a heterogeneous volume. Multiple non-coplanar beams can be positioned relative to the volume. There are three basic components: (i) transport of a pencil-beam through a heterogeneous volume, (ii) the evaluation of the pencil-beam fluence at a given depth in the volume in the presence of irregular fields, and (iii) matching of points in the volume receiving a significant fluence contribution from a pencil-beam at a given depth in the volume and calculation of dose to those points. An efficient point-matching algorithm reduces computation time to the level of conventional two-dimensional implementations. The algorithm uses an optimised subdivision for irregular fields, and accurately predicts output factors for irregular fields placed between the final collimators and the patient. Comparisons are made between the new algorithm and conventional two-dimensional calculations using measurements and calculations for finite heterogeneities, irregular fields and output factors. (author)

[en] in this paper feasibility of recovery boiler in terms of economics and environmental impacts in studied. Recovery boilers are employed in the pulp and paper industry where the cooking agent is recovered by burning black liquor. Cooking agent is exhausted due to the absorption of lignin (a burnable component) in cooking agent in the process of straw cooking. The process of recovery boiler is to remove lignin by combustion from black liquor, and heat is produced during the combustion of lignin which is used to produce steam. Recovery boiler is economical as it is recovering valuable chemicals and steam is produced as a byproduct. Steam from recovery boiler is also used for concentrating weak black liquor to concentrated black liquor recovering 50% of the utility water being used at the plant. The regenerated water in the form of foul condensate is reused in the process. The recovery of hazardous chemicals also reduces load of environmental pollution. Which otherwise can pollute the water reservoirs, and regeneration of water makes it environmentally friendly plant. Construction and challenges in operation of recovery boiler such as smelt-water explosion are also discussed in this paper. (author)

[en] The differential cross sections and polarisations for π⁺p → kappa⁺ SIGMA⁺ and its line reversed reaction kappa^-p → pi^- SIGMA⁺ including the recent results, are fitted by using simple Regge pole model with phenomenological residues, without assuming the exchange degeneracy (EXD) between the vector and tensor trajectories K* and K** exchanged in these reactions

[en] The measurements of spin asymmetry in pion inclusive reactions in which either the incident proton beam or the proton target is polarized have been described for incident momenta/energies from 6 GeV/c up to about 200 GeV and for transverse momenta up to about 4 GeV/c. These results show that, in some reactions, the spin asymmetry is significant at high energies

[en] It is shown that by assuming that the exchanged trajectories Nsub(α) and Nsub(ß) are coupled to helicity non-flip and helicity flip amplitudes respectively, the differential cross section and polarization data for the reactions K^-n→δπ^- and K^-p→#bettaπ#₀ can be simultaneously fitted within the Regge framework. (author)

[en] The experimental data for pp and bar pp at √s = 53 GeV shows the difference between the differential cross sections in the dip region. This prompted the need for a crossing-odd amplitude even at this energy. Further support to this idea was provided by the order of magnitude rise of the measured pp differential cross section in the dip region as we go from ISR to CERN collider energies. In order to overcome the difficulty to explain these phenomena, Gauron et al used the idea of an odderon in addition to the pomeron and explained the then available data for pp and bar pp. Dynamical origin to the idea of an odderon was later provided by Islam. He has pointed out that, if the nucleon consists of a core of valence quarks surrounded by a cloud of quark-antiquark pairs, then in elastic scattering an odderon amplitude occurs when the cores interact by exchanging a J = 1, C = -1, u bar u + d bar d state and the cloud undergoes maximal diffraction scattering. The model has recently been modified by these authors so as to fit the very recent data of bar pp at 546 GeV and make predictions at 1.8 TeV. The same idea was also used by Barnbard et al to explain the pp and bar pp data , Jankovszky et al have also fitted the data for p (bar p) p by employing the odderon in conjunction with the dipole pomeron. In this paper the authors will compare the results of these models with the most recent measurements at tevatron and also compare them with those of other models

[en] Oshnaviyeh plutonic complex, the western member of Urumiyeh-Golpayehgan intrusive plutons is located in northern part of Sanandaj-Sirjan zon. Oshnaviyeh plutonic complex, exposing in an area of about 700 km², comprises 10 plutons that can be divided into three suites, i.e.,diorite,granite,and alkali syenite-alkali granite. Dioritic bodies are the oldest intrusive rocks of the region, which on the basis of the field study, their relative age of emplacement is estimated to be post-Jurassic and pre-miocene. However, with respect to the age of other similar intrusive bodies in Naghadeh area, they are most likely of post early cretaceous-pre miocene age. Hybrid intrusive rocks, occurring at the contact of dioritic and granitic rocks may suggest a simultaneous emplacement of both magmas. Syntetic pluton from alkali syenite-alkali granite has intruded dioritic and granitic rocks, in contrast, flourine bearing alkali granite pluton from this suite shows no contact with other igneous rocks in the area. K-Ar age determinations obtained on amphibole specimens from diorite suite are 91.9±2.3, 94.1±2.3 and 100±2.4 Ma, and on biotite specimens from granite suite are 100±1.5 to 98.9±1.5 Ma. Chronology study using same method on arfvedsonite specimens from syenite pluton shows 78.9±3.1, 79.6±1.9 and 81.7±2.0 Ma and on K-fled par samples of flourine bearing alkali granite pluton from the alkali syenite-alkali granite suite presents 76±3.4 and 77.1±1.8. Therefore, based on field evidence and K/Ar age dating, Oshnaviyeh plutonic complex presumably formed during two episodes: granite and diorite suites formed simultaneously at about 100 Ma, then plutons of alkali syenite-alkali granite suite emplaced at about 80 Ma

[en] In a green house experiment, chickpea (CM-72) was subjected to different salinity levels un-inoculated and rhizobial inoculation to study effectiveness (nodule formation) and growth of the plant. In a set of inoculated plants, the plants died at 6.0 ds m/sup -1/ and beyond at flowering stage showing their toward salinity. Plant height, dry matter yield (DMY), N-content (mg/plant) decreased with increasing salinity levels in both inoculated and un-inoculated plants at all growth stages. Nodulation was adversely affected due to presence of salinity in the growth medium. Percent crude protein increased with increasing salinity. Percent crude protein comparatively increased in inoculated plants than un-inoculated ones. Chickpea is sensitive to salinity. Seed treatment with rhizobial inoculum may improve the protein content of plant under saline conditions. (author)