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AbstractAbstract
[en] In the present study, the virtual point source positions were determined for field sizes defined by standard electron cones and cerroband field inserts for various electron energies. Ionometric measurements were carried out with a 0.6 cm3 farmer type ion chamber at dmax in a polystyrene phantoms. The virtual source positions obtained by inverse square law method were observed to change with the beam energies and the applicator sizes. It was also observed that the virtual source-to-surface distances (VSSD) are greater for the field sizes defined by the cerroband inserts in the standard 20 cm x 20 cm applicator for all energies. These observed variations in virtual source positions are due to the change in electron scatter for different energies and beam sizes. When the cerroband cut-outs are introduced close to the chamber, the scattering conditions are likely to get altered, resulting in change in the virtual source position. (author)
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14 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
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Journal Article
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Journal of Medical Physics; CODEN JMPHFE; v. 24(1); p. 21-24
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AbstractAbstract
[en] As the telecobalt machines are made with different collimator designs, knowledge of the build-up profile and effect of different intervening materials in the beam is necessary. In this study, the build-up dose measurements were performed in different telecobalt machines using a PTW parallel plate chamber. Results from the study showed that the surface dose drastically increases with the presence of lucite tray in the path of the beam at short SSD. However, the effect is not significant at longer SSDs. Also, any conventional long SSD machine when used for short SSD treatment will result in clinically adverse skin reactions. The introduction of a 2.8 mm lead plate improves the beam characteristics at short SSD with clearance of 10 cm to surface level. The result has relevance in the design of suggested short SSD telecobalt machine in India for the treatment of head and neck cancers. (author)
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Source
9 refs., 6 figs.
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Journal Article
Journal
Journal of Medical Physics; CODEN JMPHFE; v. 25(1); p. 1-5
Country of publication
BETA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BETA-MINUS DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BODY, COBALT ISOTOPES, DISEASES, DOSES, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION, INTERMEDIATE MASS NUCLEI, INTERNAL CONVERSION RADIOISOTOPES, IONIZING RADIATIONS, ISOMERIC TRANSITION ISOTOPES, ISOTOPES, MEDICINE, MINUTES LIVING RADIOISOTOPES, MONITORING, NEOPLASMS, NUCLEAR MEDICINE, NUCLEI, ODD-ODD NUCLEI, RADIATIONS, RADIOISOTOPES, RADIOLOGY, THERAPY, YEARS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES
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Ravikumar, M., E-mail: drmravi59@yahoo.com2017
AbstractAbstract
[en] The modern radiation treatment delivery techniques minimizes dose to the normal tissue and thereby increasing the prescribed dose to the tumor volume. Though there is an increase in the tumor control probability (TCP), the real advantage may be restricted by the probable raise in the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP). This necessitates the need for an accurate treatment delivery and measurement of dose delivered. The in-vivo dosimetry has become an integral part of verifying the treatment delivery to the patient. In-vivo dosimetry (IVD) is a vital component used to identify major deviations in treatment delivery as a part of quality assurance process thereby improving the quality of patient care in radiation therapy and is highly recommended by many international guidelines. The IVD does not imply that the dosimeter should necessarily be placed inside the living object. In EBRT, a dosimeter is normally placed on or near the surface of the patient, inside or in the neighborhood of the external beam
Primary Subject
Source
AOCMP-AMPICON 2017: 17. Asia-Oceania Congress of Medical Physics; Jaipur (India); 4-7 Nov 2017; 38. annual conference of Association of Medical Physicists of India; Jaipur (India); 4-7 Nov 2017
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Journal Article
Literature Type
Conference
Journal
Journal of Medical Physics; CODEN JMPHFE; v. 42(suppl.1); p. 11-12
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AbstractAbstract
[en] Aim: The photons and electrons backscattered from the upper and lower secondary collimator jaws give rise to a significant increase in the ion charge measured by the monitor chamber, and this increase varies between different accelerators. We have studied the effect of backscatter into the monitor chamber at 6 MV and 18 MV photon energies for the linear accelerator Clinac-1800. Materials and Methods: The variation of the output factor was first studied for variable asymmetric fields of fixed field size defined by variable right upper collimator jaw together with a variable Cerrobend block low melting point alloy, with constant lower jaw position. Output measurements were carried out at Dmax in a polystyrene phantom at the geometric center of the asymmetric field. The backscatter radiation effect was also analyzed applying a pair of 20 x 20 x 7.5 cm Cerrobend alloy blocks with 6.0 mm diameter pin-holes in the center aligned telescopically with the field defining light beam. The ion chamber with build-up cap was placed at 25 cm behind the second pin-hole. The in air measurements were made varying upper and lower collimators individually and together. For comparison, a similar study was conducted in a Theratron-780C cobalt-60 beam. Results: In the asymmetric field experiment it was noticed that till the collimator jaw crosses the midline, the output factor is almost constant for 6 and 18 MV photon beams. For extreme field asymmetry, the decreases in output factor were 3.2% and 4.3% for 6 and 18 MV, respectively. The telescopic experiment demonstrated 4.0% and 3.9% reduction in output factor for 6 and 18 MV beams when only the upper jaws were varied. Field definition by the lower jaws only reduced the output factor by 3.3% and 3% for 6 and 18 MV photon beams. For square fields achieved by both the jaws, the output factor variation was similar to that achieved with the upper collimator for both energies. Cobalt-60 measurements with the telescopic arrangement did not show significant dependency of output with field variation, provided that the field-dependent scatter from source capsule and collimator jaws is excluded. Conclusion: From this study a maximum reduction of 4% and 4.3% in dose delivery was observed for 6 MV and 18 MV photon beams due to backscattered radiation originating mainly from upper collimator reaching the beam monitor chamber. For asymmetric fields it is felt that direct output measurement is more reliable in order to avoid errors in output factor due to radiation backscattered from the collimator jaws into beam monitor chamber. (orig.)
[de]
Ziel: Die von den oberen und unteren Kollimatorbloecken rueckgestreuten Photonen und Elektronen fuehren zu einer - bei den verschiedenen Akzeleratoren unterschiedlichen - bedeutenden Zunahme der messbaren Ionenladung. Wir haben den Effekt dieser Rueckstrahlung fuer den Linearbeschleuniger Clinac-1800 bei 6-MV- und bei 18-MV-Photonenenergie untersucht. Material und Methode: Die Variabilitaet des Austrittfaktors wurde zunaechst an unterschiedlichen asymmetrischen Feldern definierter Groesse untersucht, die bei konstanter Position des unteren Kollimatorblockes festgelegt war durch den verschiebbaren oberen rechten Kollimatorblock sowie einen verschiebbaren Block aus Cerrobend, einer bei niedriger Temperatur schmelzenden Legierung. Die austretende Strahlung wurde bei Dmax an einem Polysterolphantom im geometrischen Zentrum des asymmetrischen Feldes gemessen. Der Rueckstreueffekt wurde ausserdem mit einem Paar 20 x 20 x 7,5 cm grosser Cerrobend-Bloecke untersucht, deren Lochung (oe 6 mm) teleskopartig mit den das Feld begrenzenden Lichtstrahlen eine Linie bildete. Die Ionisierungskammer befand sich 25 cm hinter der zweiten Lochung. Bei den Messungen in Luft wurden die oberen und unteren Kollimatorbloecke einzeln oder zusammen veraendert. Zum Vergleich wurden aehnliche Untersuchungen fuer Theratron-780C-Kobalt-60-Strahlen durchgefuehrt. Ergebnisse: Im asymmetrischen Feld wurde festgestellt, dass, solange der Kollimatorblock die Mittellinie nicht ueberquert, der Austrittfaktor fuer 6- und fuer 18-MV-Photonenstrahlen fast konstant ist. Bei extremer Feldasymmetrie nahm der Austrittfaktoren fuer 6- und fuer 18-MV-Photonen um 3,2 bzw. 4,3% ab. Die teleskopische Analyse unter Verwendung der gelochten Cerrobend-Bloecke ergab fuer 6- und fuer 18-MV-Photonenstrahlung eine Verminderung des Austrittfaktors um 4,0 bzw. 3,9% wenn nur die oberen Bloecke verschoben wurden. Eine Felddefinition allein durch die unteren Bloecke verminderte den Austrittfaktor fuer 6 und 18 MV um 3,3 bzw. 2,0%. Wurden mit beiden Kollimatorbloecken quadratische Felder erzeugt, so veraenderte sich der Austrittfaktor fuer beide Photonenenergiewerte in aehnlicher Weise wie durch Verschieben des oberen Blockes. Kobalt-60-Messungen mit der teleskopartigen Anordnung ergaben fuer die Austrittstrahlung keine signifikante Abhaengigkeit von den Feldveraenderungen, falls feldabhaengige Streuung am Gehaeuse der Strahlungsquelle und an den Kollimatorbloecken ausgeschlossen wird. Schlussfolgerung: In diese Untersuchung wurde fuer 6- und fuer 18-MV-Photonen eine maximale Dosisreduktion um 4 bzw. 4,3% beobachtet, die vor allem der Rueckstreuung am oberen Kollimatorblock zuzuschreiben ist. Fuer asymmetrische Felder scheint die direkte Messung der Austrittstrahlung zuverlaessiger, um Fehler beim Ermitteln des Austrittfaktors zu vermeiden. (orig.)Primary Subject
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AbstractAbstract
[en] In a medical accelerator, the photon beam delivery is controlled by the signal from the beam monitor chamber through a feed back mechanism. The measured charge by the monitor chamber is mainly due to the primary photons and the scattered electrons from the beam flattening filter. The effect of backscatter into the monitor chamber for 6 MV and 18 MV photon energies for Clinac-1800 linear accelerator is studied
Primary Subject
Source
International conference on medical physics; New Delhi (India); 6-9 Nov 1998; 19. annual conference on medical physics; New Delhi (India); 6-9 Nov 1998; Abstract prepared
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Journal Article
Literature Type
Conference
Journal
Journal of Medical Physics; ISSN 0971-6203; ; v. 23(3); p. 84
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AbstractAbstract
[en] A few physical measurements relevant to TSET are presented in this paper. 6 MeV electron beam with 1 cm perspex degrader placed at 20 cm in front of the phantom was used. The longitudinal profile was measured in air using 0.6 cm3 farmer type thimble chamber. The depth ionization and the absolute dose measurements were carried out with a PTW parallel plate chamber. It is observed that electron beams angled at 8 deg above and below horizontal gives a longitudinal homogeneity of ± 6% over 210 cm. The relative surface dose over the anterior surface of the humanoid phantom estimated by TLD shows a dose variation between 93% and 104% with respect to 100% at the umbilical level (calibration point). (author)
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Source
16 refs., 4 figs.
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Journal Article
Journal
Journal of Medical Physics; CODEN JMPHFE; v. 24(1); p. 11-14
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AbstractAbstract
[en] In this study, absorbed doses were measured and compared for high-energy electrons (6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV) using International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Technical Reports Series No. 277 (TRS), TRS 381, and TRS 398 dosimetry protocols. Absolute dose measurements were carried out using FC65-G Farmer chamber and Nordic Association of Clinical Physicists (NACP) parallel plate chamber with DOSE1 electrometer in WP1-D water phantom for reference field size of 15 x 15 cm2 at 100 cm source-to-surface distance. The results show that the difference between TRS 398 and TRS 381 was about 0.24% to 1.3% depending upon the energy, and the maximum difference between TRS 398 and TRS 277 was 1.5%. The use of cylindrical chamber in electron beam gives the maximum dose difference between the TRS 398 and TRS 277 in the order of 1.4% for energies above 10 MeV (R50 > 4 g/cm2). It was observed that the accuracy of dose estimation was better with the protocols based on the water calibration procedures, as no conversion quantities are involved for conversion of dose from air to water. The cross-calibration procedure of parallel plate chamber with high-energy electron beams is recommended as it avoids pwall correction factor entering into the determination of kQQo. (author)
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12 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.
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Journal Article
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Journal of Medical Physics; CODEN JMPHFE; v. 33(3); p. 108-113
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BEAMS, BETA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BETA-MINUS DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, COBALT ISOTOPES, INTERMEDIATE MASS NUCLEI, INTERNAL CONVERSION RADIOISOTOPES, ISOMERIC TRANSITION ISOTOPES, ISOTOPES, LEPTON BEAMS, MEDICINE, MINUTES LIVING RADIOISOTOPES, NUCLEAR MEDICINE, NUCLEI, ODD-ODD NUCLEI, PARTICLE BEAMS, RADIOISOTOPES, RADIOLOGY, THERAPY, YEARS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES
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AbstractAbstract
[en] This article deals with the inaccuracy in the volume shielded, if shielding blocks are fabricated with the mantle cutting machine using different distances obtained during planning radiography. However, there is no compromise in the volume of irradiation for curative radiotherapy. The concept of partially shielded volume in the regions to be shielded is brought out when blocks fabricated by the tray shift technique are used for treatment. (author). 7 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs
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AbstractAbstract
[en] In this study the beam characteristics affecting the build-up and skin dose for 6- and 18-MV photons are analyzed. Materials and Methods: Measurements were made with 6- and 18-MV photons using a PTW parallel-plate ionization chamber (B 23344-036) and a RDM-1F electrometer. Build-up ionization measurements were made with the chamber fitted into a 25x25x25 cm polystyrene phantom with a fixed SSD of 100 cm. The entrance and build-up dose measurements were made with a polycarbonate and a mesh type metallic shielding tray and a 45 wedge. Exit dose measurements were carried out for the graphite patient supporting assembly table top, 1.0 cm thick piece of wood and the 1.0 cm thick patient supporting perspex base frame for head and neck treatments. Results: It was observed that the dmax decreased slightly with field size as with other accelerators. For both photon energies the surface dose was observed to increase with increase in field size. It was also noticed that the dose in the build-up region increases slightly when the polycarbonate secondary blocking tray is introduced with the increase in surface dose. The data show that the tray perturbation factor (TPF) at surface decreases steadily with tray-surface distance for both photon beams for all field sizes. It was noted that the TPF was more when the polycarbonate tray was introduced at shorter tray-surface distances for both energies. At tray-surface distances above 60 cm the TPF almost remained close to unity for 6-MV photons for all field sizes, whereas the continuous decrease in TPF could be noted for 18-MV photon beams even after the TPF reached unity. (orig.)
[de]
In dieser Studie werden die Parameter der klinischen Photonenstrahlen, die die Hautdosis und die Aufbauregion bestimmen, fuer Photonenenergien von 6 MV und 18 MV vorgestellt und analysiert. Material und Methoden: Die Messungen wurden fuer Photonen der Energie von 6 MV und 18 MV unter Verwendung einer Ionisationskammer der PTW (Typ B 23344-036, Flachkammer) und eines Elektrometers (Typ RDM-1F) durchgefuehrt. Fuer die Dosismessung in der Aufbauregion wurde die Ionisationskammer in ein Polystyrenphantom mit einem definierten Volumen von 25x25x25 cm und einem festen Fokus-Oberflaechen-Abstand von 100 cm eingepasst. Die Eintrittsdosis und die Dosis in der Aufbauregion wurden fuer zwei Blocktraeger gemessen, die aus Polycarbonat und aus einem Metallgitter bestanden. Die Messung der Austrittsdosis wurde an drei verschiedenen Materialien ausgefuehrt, bestehend aus einer Graphitunterlage fuer Patienten, aus einem 1 cm starken Stueck Holz und aus einem 1 cm starken Rahmen aus Perspex fuer Kopf-Hals-Behandlungen. Ergebnisse: Der geometrische Abstand dmax (des Maximums der Tiefendosis) verringerte sich leicht mit der Feldgroesse, wie das auch bei anderen Beschleunigern beobachtet wird. Die Oberflaechendosis wurde mit wachsender Feldgroesse fuer beide Photonenenergien groesser. Weiterhin wurde festgestellt, dass die Dosis in der Aufbauregion und die Oberflaechendosis beim Blocktraeger aus Polycarbonat gegenueber dem Blocktraeger aus einem Metallgitter und dem offenen Feld leicht anstieg. Die Analyse der Daten zeigt, dass der Traegerstreufaktor (tray perturbation factor, TPF) an der Oberflaeche mit zunehmendem Traeger-Oberflaechen-Abstand fuer beide Photonenenergien und alle benutzten Feldgroessen kleiner wurde. Der TPF war auch, wiederum fuer beide Photonenenergien, im Fall des Blocktraegers aus Polycarbonat bei geringerem Traeger-Oberflaechen-Abstand vergleichsweise groesser. Fuer Abstaende groesser 60 cm blieb der TPF-Wert fuer 6 MV und fuer alle benutzten Feldgroessen nahe 1. Im Gegensatz dazu nahm der TPF bei 18 MV sogar bis unterhalb einem Wert von 1 ab. (orig.)Primary Subject
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ACCELERATORS, BEAMS, BODY, DOSES, MATERIALS, MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, MEDICINE, MOCKUP, NUCLEAR MEDICINE, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, ORGANIC POLYMERS, PETROCHEMICALS, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PLASTICS, POLYMERS, POLYOLEFINS, POLYVINYLS, RADIATION DETECTORS, RADIATION DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS, RADIOLOGY, SPATIAL DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS, STRUCTURAL MODELS, SYNTHETIC MATERIALS, THERAPY
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AbstractAbstract
[en] Tangential radiotherapy portals' with cobalt-60 gamma radiations are widely used in the management of post-operative breast cancer. The treatment planning and dosimetry are complex because of the obliquity and irregular contours. A method followed at our centre makes use of selected percentiles covering the tumour volumes for various preselected inter-field separations. Equivalent field concept is used for the half-blocked portals. Comparison with computerised plans and phantom measurements validate the outlined concept. (author). 7 refs., 3 tabs., 3 figs
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Journal Article
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AMPI (Association of Medical Physicists of India) Medical Physics Bulletin; ISSN 0250-5002; ; CODEN AMPBDV; v. 18(3); p. 1-4
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BETA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BETA-MINUS DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BODY, CESIUM ISOTOPES, COBALT ISOTOPES, DISEASES, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION, GLANDS, INTERMEDIATE MASS NUCLEI, INTERNAL CONVERSION RADIOISOTOPES, IONIZING RADIATIONS, ISOMERIC TRANSITION ISOTOPES, ISOTOPES, MEDICINE, MINUTES LIVING RADIOISOTOPES, MOCKUP, NEOPLASMS, NUCLEI, ODD-EVEN NUCLEI, ODD-ODD NUCLEI, ORGANS, RADIATIONS, RADIOISOTOPES, STRUCTURAL MODELS, THERAPY, YEARS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES
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