[en] The radio pharmacy is a specialty of the pharmaceutics Sciences, that work of the design and development, as well as of the preparation, control of quality and dispensation of prepared radioactive for use in nuclear medicine. The radio pharmaceuticals are used with diagnostic and therapeutic aims as well as palliative pain treatment

[en] The article describes the argumentation of the Governmental Conference of the Swiss Mountain Cantons concerning the effects of future electricity market liberalisation on the inland hydropower business. Possible effects such as the postponement of investments in the maintenance and renewal of hydropower plant or merciless predatory competition are listed. Also, problems for the owners that may result from the liberalisation such as being burdened with investments that can no longer be amortised are discussed and possible solutions are mentioned

[en] This paper puts in balance the surgical requirements for X-ray control in the operating theatre, the technical possibilities of equipment and its price. Intraoperative control in neurosurgery requires mainly fluoroscopy, with the possibility of a single exposure for checking purposes. A mobile unit is a relatively economical solution, but it may endanger asepsis. Permanently installed ceiling suspended units create special problems of ceiling strength, and compliance with other equipments in the room. The image intensifier has not eliminated the hazards of radiation: the surgeon must wear protective clothing, the staff use lead shields. The fluoroscopy must be continually monitored: Automatic density control is absolutely necessary because it reduces dramatically the X-ray dose; the disc memory system achieves a dose reduction of more than 50 %. Pre-operative angiography is generally and most easily performed with ceiling suspended units. Serial angiography requires triphasic generators. None of these X-ray devies the author has reviewed for preoperative angiography is isocentric. Future aspects: CT scan control during tumour surgery. (M.J.)

[en] Introduction: Endometrial carcinoma is the most frequent gynecological cancer in developed countries. Until the latest FIGO classification on 1988, the times of BT and surgery were uncertain for early stages. This paper reviews the results of the retrospective analysis of patients with early endometrial carcinoma (stages I and II) treated with pre- or postoperative BT +/- external radiotherapy (ERT) at the Institute Gustave Roussy from january 1985 to december 1989. Materials and Methods: 220 patients stage I and 21 patients stage II were eligible. The protocol was primary BT (106 patients) 50 Gy to the upper third of the vagina, an immediate radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node picking and according to the histological results, ERT (33 patients). After the surgical classification, postop BT was performed in 47 patients. 55 patients received another radiosurgical treatment. Results: With a follow-up of 3 years, the results were: after primary BT, the dose to pelvic walls, the kerma, the volume thickness and the reference isodose volume were higher. Surgery post BT was performed on a mean of 12 days, and postop BT on a mean of 97 days. Among 181 lymph node dissections, only 5 patients had N+, 38 histologies showed no myometrial invasion: 112, (1(3)); 64, (2(2)); and 20, (3(3)). The differentiation of the tumor was indirectly correlated with myometrial invasion. 88 patients received ERT, to a mean dose of 45 Gy. The overall survival was 91% at 2 years and 81% at 5 years. For patients with primary BT, the survival was 96% at 2 and 5 years. For primary surgery was 98 and 88% at 2 and 5 years DFS at 2 and 5 years for preop BT was 85% and 76%, for postop BT 95% and 92%, 5 patients had grade 3 complications. The metastases, including paraaortic lymph nodes were 6. 14 recurrences occurred, in external iliac nodes, common iliacs, pelvis, abdomen, and 4 in vagina. The prognostic factors were in univariate study, the surgical stage. In multivariate, myometrial invasion > (1(3)). (RR 3.9), histological grade 3 to 1 (RR 4.3.). Conclusion: this study does not show any statistical difference according to results in terms of survival, recurrences or complications if BT is performed before or after surgery. This results correlate with those of literature as well as prognostic factors

No abstract available

[en] One of the main processes that can control radionuclides migration is mineral phase precipitation, known as secondary phases. The formation of one of these phases more stable than UO₂ at repository conditions, could act as a barrier between nuclear waste and groundwater. This modifies the radiation that arrives to the dissolution, blocking dissolution of UO₂ matrix and affecting to radionuclide release. So, is important to know the possible secondary phases to precipitate during SNF (spent nuclear fuel) alteration and its stability at repository conditions. Several experiments of SNF dissolution in groundwater have observed the formation of uranium secondary phases. Nevertheless, these experiments have been developed in specific conditions and they haven't arrived to study the effect of several parameters, such as complexions as phosphate. The rol of phosphate on to dissolution of UO₂ and uranium-phosphate phase formation is necessary to know repository assessment. Uranyl peroxides have been found also in several studies about lixiviation in presence of hydrogen peroxide, which is the expected oxidant for med from the water radiolysis. In this work we performed a study about the stability of these phases. The phases obtained have been characterized with X ray diffraction (XRD). The particle size, shape and chemical composition have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A topographic analysis of UO₂ surface in contact with ground water and phosphate media have been performed by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). The uranium concentration evolution in solution have been followed with ICP-MS. Stability in relation to radiation of uranyl peroxide have been developed with electron transmission microscopy (TEM), and thermal stability with a thermo gravimetry device (TG) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). (Author)

[en] Evidence is presented showing that the gradient drift (type 2) irregularities are the most probable scatterers responsible for equatorial sporadic E (E/sub sq/) echoes observed on conventional equatorial ionograms and that the two-stream (type 1) irregularities are not detectable at ionosonde wavelength s

[en] Clinical indications for extra-intracranial arterial bypass (EIAB) surgery are still rather ill-defined and are the matter of a randomized trial in progress currently. However, 'hemodynamic' transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are considered at present the clinical entity that should benefit most from this surgical procedure. The contribution of conventional CBF techniques in assessing both the physiological indications and the usefulness of EIAB has been only moderate, though substantial. Clearly, both CBF and regional metabolic data should be obtained, ideally in tomographic representation. We have attempted such study using the ¹⁵O continuous inhalation technique in a small number of instructive patients. Two different patterns of the CBF-OEF relationship have been defined that could be of some importance in respect to both the underlying mechanisms of 'hemodynamic' TIAs and to the rational bases for EIAB procedures

[en] Purpose: Since 1984, SIOP has conducted 2 successive studies in which the mainstay of treatment has been represented by polychemotherapy and local treatment, especially RT, confined to 'high risks' groups of children. This strategy has been conditioned by the high chemo sensitivity of most STS in this age group, along with their propensity for rapid dissemination and the substantial risk of deleterious side effects induced by high dose RT. This is a report on the role of RT in the second MMT 89 study. Materials and Methods: >From January 1989 through November 1995, (308(813)) children (38 %) received RT as part of their treatment. RT was administered 1/ systematically following 3 courses of the IVA regimen (Ifosfamide, Vincristin, Actinomycin D) in parameningeal sites (126 patients) and 2/ at completion of chemotherapy (generally 6 IVA) in other children if residual disease was still present (182 patients). Total median dose was 45 Gy ± boost administered either with a conventional regimen (QD = 5 daily sessions of 1.8 to 2 Gy = 77 % cases) or, optionally, with an hyperfractionated accelerated one (BID = 10 daily sessions of 1.5 Gy = 15 % cases). The BID fractionation was expected to improve local control without increasing long term toxicity. LDR brachytherapy (BT) was also used in selected sites (8 % cases). Clinical and technical informations were centrally collected. Results: Sites irradiated concerned the parameningeal (PM) area (51 %), extremities (12 %) orbit (10 %), Head and Neck non PM (7 %), GU (6 %), others (13 %). 75 % sarcomas were of the Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) histological type (embryonal mainly). Median dose for QD was 46 Gy and BID 45 Gy, protraction 37 and 25 days respectively. A severe immediate toxicity was significantly correlated with the BID regimen (cutaneous 36 %, mucosal 50 %), compared with QD (15 and 13 %) (p 0.001). Despite a median 12 day-gain in the BID regimen, and after adjustment for site, no advantage was recorded at 4 years for this regimen in terms of survival (QD = 67 %, BID 55 % pNS) or EFS (QD = 57 %, BID = 48 % pNS). Local regional failures represented 14 % ((42(308))) patients either local (28), nodal (10) or both (4). Significant risk factors for local failure were the inadequate coverage of the primary in PM sites (p 0.01) and for nodal failure the alveolar subtype of RMS (p 0.03). According to the site, extremities failed in 25 % cases, Head-Neck non PM in 21 %, PM in 15 %, orbit in 8 %, GU in 7 % and 'others' in 11 % (pNS). According to the histology, alveolar RMS failed in 19 %, embryonal RMS in 15 % and non RMS in 14 % (pNS). Although it didn't reach statistical significance, a dose effect relationship was suspected at the 50 Gy level (LRF = < 50 Gy = 15 %, > 50 Gy = 9 %). Conclusion: Although directed to unfavorable cases, RT in the SIOP MMT 89 protocol, has provided an excellent survival. HART failed to improve the outcome at the price of an increased acute toxicity but concerned a small subset of patients only. In our approach PM sites outcome has dramatically improved for the past decade mainly due to the administration of early irradiation to a carefully designed target volume (initial primary ± base of the skull). Future evaluations should explore sites at higher risks like extremities, and alveolar subtypes, also a possible dose-effect relationship and new strategies for quality control

[en] This investigations carried out in the hypothesis of which the labelled nucleotides with Technetium 99 could be used pharmaceuticals for the neoplasm diagnostic process