[en] In the case of repositories in salt, adsorption/desorption reactions with salt are expected to be minimal. If solubility-controlling solids of radionuclides are present in the waste or can form in the engineered barrier system, the upper concentration limits of radionuclides that can be leached from the wastes will be solubility-limited but independent of the release scenarios, hydrologic transport characteristics, and adsorption/desorption reactions. The available thermochemical data show that most of the radioactive elements, such as actinides, that are of concern over long repository storage times form solubility-controlling solids. Therefore, it should be possible to set upper limits on the concentrations of these radioactive elements that can be leached from wastes disposed of in salt repositories. To set upper limits, data are needed for solid phases that form readily, have low solubilities, and either are present in wastes (spent fuel, waste glasses, etc.) or can form readily in the geologic environment. Factors that would lower the maximum concentrations in leachates include an increase in the crystallinity of amorphous precipitates, the presence of crystalline solids in the wastes, and the formation of solid solutions of the actinides. 11 refs

[en] By understanding the sun, astrophysicists hope to expand this knowledge to understanding other stars. To study the sun, NASA launched a satellite on February 14, 1980. The project is named the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM). The satellite conducted detailed observations of the sun in collaboration with other satellites and ground-based optical and radio observations until its failure 10 months into the mission. The main objective of the SMM was to investigate one aspect of solar activity: solar flares. A brief description of the flare mechanism is given. The SMM satellite was valuable in providing information on where and how a solar flare occurs. A sequence of photographs of a solar flare taken from SMM satellite shows how a solar flare develops in a particular layer of the solar atmosphere. Two flares especially suitable for detailed observations by a joint effort occurred on April 30 and May 21 of 1980. These flares and observations of the flares are discussed. Also discussed are significant discoveries made by individual experiments

[en] Within the electronics industry, miniaturisation of silicon components and enhanced performance has led to high power electronic devices with high packing densities. This has identified the future development of very high heat flux components. This paper reviews the development of micro-processing technology and presents a project being carried out to develop combined two-phase heat transfer and heat pipe technology with forced air convection and liquid condenser systems. It also presents a research project being carried out at Newcastle University to develop micro-channel heat exchanger technology

[en] In an attempt to improve the consistency of chest X-ray results an automatic exposure control (AEC) device - the 'Mobil-Aid' - was purchased to interface to an existing General Electric AMX-3 mobile X-ray machine. The AEC device and the protocol for its use are described. A survey of its performance was conducted over a six week period. The results over the second three weeks were that 97.8% of 276 bedside chest examinations were of acceptable density and 84% were of optimal density and the failure rate was only 2.2%. 10 figs

[en] This paper determines the value of sequential, multi-modality imaging for preoperative detection of hepatic tumor nodules in candidates for liver resection. Prospectively and preoperatively, we evaluated 26 patients (seven with hepatocellular carcinoma, one with liver cell adenoma, and 18 with metastatic colorectal carcinoma) to determine number and location of tumor nodules. After bolus dynamic CT (BDCT), patients underwent hepatic angiography, CT angiography (CTA), delayed iodine CT scanning (DIS), and MR imaging. Fifty-six tumor nodules were confirmed by surgery and biopsy, 20 patients had hepatic resection

[en] The current study tested the hypothesis that the pulmonary carcinogenic potential of cadmium (Cd) is related to its ability to inhibit the expression (mRNA and protein) and activity of 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (OGG1), a base excision repair (BER) enzyme that functions to preferentially excise pre-mutagenic 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) from DNA. We demonstrate that a single Cd aerosol exposure of adult male Lewis rats causes time- and dose-dependent down-regulation in the pulmonary levels of rOGG1 mRNA and OGG1 protein, quantified by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays and western analyses, respectively. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed that Cd inhalation reduces the relative amount of OGG1 in lungs of exposed animals without altering its over-all distribution within the lung, which appears to be more prominent within the alveolar epithelium. In agreement with our in vivo studies, we show that OGG1 expression is also attenuated in alveolar epithelial cell cultures exposed to CdCl₂ either acutely or by repeated passaging in Cd-containing medium. The effects caused by Cd were observed in cells that show no loss in viability, as assessed by colony forming ability, the MTT assay, and propidium iodide membrane permeability studies. Nuclear extracts prepared from Cd-treated cells also exhibit a reduction in the ability to nick a synthetic oligonucleotide containing 8-oxoG. We conclude from these studies that Cd causes suppression of OGG1 in the lung and that this mechanism may, in part, play a role in the Cd carcinogenic process

No abstract available

[en] The use of brachytherapy in the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) has been well established. Recently, reports have detailed utilization of new technologies and dose rate strategies (i.e. high dose rate) in the treatment of these tumors. We report our initial experience with Cf-252 in the treatment of these tumors. Between 8/95 and 1/96, seven patients with histologically confirmed STS were treated with curative intent radiation which included part (n=5) or all of the radiations delivered with Cf-252. There were five high grade and two low grade tumors. All patients with high grade STS received chemotherapy, one low grade STS received chemotherapy prior to irradiation. Therapy with Cf-252 consisted of 100 neutron cGy given twice daily to a total dose of 700-900 neutron cGy. External beam irradiation delivered between 4500 - 5400 cGy. Follow up has ranged from one to five months. There has been no local, regional, or distant relapse in any patient. One patient had moist desquamation, which resolved with conservative management, one patient had grade three mucositis (RTOG criteria). This preliminary experience with the neutron emitting Cf-252 has demonstrated excellent tolerance and patient compliance with no unexpected acute or subacute complications. Although follow up was too short to make definitive statements regarding its efficacy, the early data is promising. We will discuss the reasons for dose selection and RBE data, as well as future strategies

[en] With a large and still increasing dataset, W and Z boson physics studies at the Tevatron p(bar p) collider are particularly useful for testing many aspects of the Standard Model. In this proceeding, we present measurements of electroweak boson properties, distributions, and charge asymmetries. We examine both solitary W and Z production as well as production in association with jets. These measurements are compared to NLO QCD predictions, are used to extract fundamental Standard Model parameters, and constrain parton distribution functions.

[en] Fixed target studies of small branching ratio decay processes require intense beams and smooth spills. Longitudinal structure arises through collective effects, well below the coasting beam stability threshold. These structures have been observed at the Brookhaven AGS and dependence on intensity and momentum spread measured. Measurements and amelioration techniques have been developed and will be described