[en] An energy-independent nucleon-nucleon potential is derived from meson exchanges and the tensor force in this potential is investigated

[en] In this paper, we study the N-N and N-Δ spin-orbit forces using the quark model. The results are: (1) The N-N spin-orbit force is attractive for the triplet state with odd parity. This feature is qualitatively in agreement with the phenomenological potential determined by fitting the N-N scattering data. (2) The direct terms of the Δ-N spin-orbit force are mainly attractive and the exchange terms of that are attractive for the cases of ST = 12 and 21, repulsive for the cases of ST = 11 and 22. All these results may be useful to understand the properties of the N-Δ spin-orbit force

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[en] We report on the fabrication and properties of an optical waveguide in Nd³⁺-doped phosphate glass. The planar waveguide was obtained by 550-keV proton implantation with a dose of $8.0\times <!--\; ??\; -->{10}^{16}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}/{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^2$. The proton–glass interaction was simulated by the stopping and range of ions in matter (SRIM software). The characteristics of the waveguide including the refractive index profile and the near-field intensity distribution were studied by the reflectivity calculation method and the end-face coupling technique. The optical waveguide demonstrated multi-mode behavior at the wavelength of 632.8 nm. The propagation features of the proton-implanted Nd³⁺-doped phosphate glass waveguide shows its potential to operate as an integrated photonic device. (paper)