[en] Within the frame of the French national debate on energy transition, this document briefly presents and comments calculations of greenhouse gas emissions according to 11 scenarios associated with 4 pathways: electrification and de-carbonation (NegaTEP), steady demand and diversification (Ancre DIV), efficiency and diversification (Ademe), and energy saving and phasing out nuclear (Negawatt). These pathways and scenarios are analysed in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and with respect to the objective of a factor-4 reduction by 2050. Emission data for 1990 and 2011 are recalled, as well as France commitments. The author outlines that only four scenarios reach this factor-4 objective as far as CO₂ combustion is concerned, that a factor 2 seems to be possible for some specific sectors (agriculture and wastes). He notices significant decreases in industrial processes since 1990, that only 2 scenarios and 2 pathways reach the factor-4 as far as all greenhouse gases are concerned. When taking energy demand into account, no scenario is able to reach the factor-4 without any strong policy of energy saving. Two conditions are therefore identified to reach this factor: a significant decrease of energy demand, and an action on all emission sources

[en] This document proposes a brief presentation of a book which aims at giving directions to implement energy saving strategies and energy transition. The authors describe experiments in the field of positive energy building, car pooling, wood-energy, electricity saving, renewable energies, building renewal in different French regions. They highlight problems associated with oil, climate warming, nuclear energy, and then outline how nuclear and renewable energies can be used and the importance of energy saving. They propose a scenario for transition and discuss its benefits

[en] This press release gives an overview of the peak electricity consumption problem in France which is mainly related to electrical heating and may induce a failure of the electric system in case of a cold spell. It identifies what is at stake with this peak for the electrical system, comments the increase of the record peak and of the consumed power since 1981, and outlines the worrying development of electrical heating. It also identifies who are the losers and the winners with this peak, comments the attitude and role of public authorities, and discusses the wrong good ideas and the real solutions to mitigate this problem

[en] For ten years, the Negawatt association has taken a fresh look at our ways of consuming and producing energy. After the realisation of its 2011 scenario, the association has wished to complete this work with a reflexion full of ideas and operational measures and addressed to all citizens and to decision-makers. This manifesto describes with pedagogy and lucidity a possible and desirable path to get out of our energy and climate crises. Contents: 1 - Energy in crisis; 2 - Energy in its all forms; 3 - From the approach to the scenario: preparing the energy transition; 4 - Buildings and energy transition; 5 - Key-sectors of the transition: transports, industry and agriculture; 6 - Advent of renewable energies; 7 - From the nuclear twilight to the renewable dawn; 8 - Costs and benefits of the energy transition; 9 - The 'true value' of energy; 10 - From the status time to the action one. A series of 26 graphs summarizes the Negawatt approach. (J.S.)

[en] A first part presents the negaWatt approach (the name 'negaWatt' means an approach based on a non consumed energy) in terms of energy saving, energy efficiency, and renewable energies. It presents a scenario for the 2000-2050 period with its general hypotheses, and a reference trend-based scenario. It highlights how electric power is addressed by the scenario (production of renewable and non-renewable power) and presents and comments the main results with a comparison with the trend-based scenario. It does the same for mobility and for heat production (present situation and trend, scenario results). It outlines possible changes induced in France by a policy aiming at energy saving and efficiency. It more particularly outlines the benefits of this scenario in terms of risk reduction, no dead end, economic and social benefits, and ethics. Then, several sheets are proposed with, for each of them data and comments about the objective of the negaWatt associated measure, the context, the energy stake, various aspects of implementation, costs, impact on jobs, financing, interest, possible brakes, and a set of decisions asked to public authorities. These sheets deal with mobility, performance of electric appliances, energy saving in the building sector, the case of buildings built prior to 1975, the emergence of new relationships between communities and actors of the energy sector. A second document presents the scenario as a manifesto, with 23 structural, regulatory, financial, transport-related, building-related, electric appliance-related, renewable-related, heat-network-related and co-generation-related propositions.

[en] The sad perspective of climate change combined with the foreseen depletion of fossil energy in the coming decades impose a radical change in the way we collect, transform, distribute, use and save energy in our modern economies. Over the past few years, many European Governments have made calls and announced plans to reduce by 60 to 80% their national Greenhouse Gas emissions by 2050. The present paper summarises the approach, the assumptions and the findings of a scenario performed by an multidisciplinary team for defining a sustainable energy path for a major European country. The scenario uniquely relies on three complementary steps: energy sufficiency, energy efficiency and renewable energy. The analysis clearly indicates the importance of engaging major energy conservation programmes now and in all sectors of the economy if we want to indeed influence greenhouse gas emissions in the medium and longer term. The paper describes and discusses the key policies that need to be put in place for each sector in the short term. The paper concludes on side benefits of renewed energy conservation efforts (like perspective on local employments) as well as the complementarities and the synergies of policies and measures between local, national and European levels

[en] In a first part, this publication outlines the present critical situation of the world, presents the negaWatt scenario as a compass for action, outlines that the method adopted for this scenario is rigorous, coherent and fruitful (a bottom-up approach, economy at the right place, carbon print and material assessment), outlines the need of a wider approach in space and in time, and the independence of this collective approach. The second part defines the objective as a more sustainable and fairer society with a global reduction of the environmental print (climate neutrality, renewable energies, reduction of material consumption, protection of biodiversity and of water resources), new economic dynamics (competitiveness of renewable energies, new industrial strategies, value creation at territorial scale, activities generating diversification and growth), perspectives of social progress (job creation, struggle against vulnerabilities and hunger, limitation of inequalities), improvement of living conditions (better health and well-being, a healthier environment, living better with less), a shared governance at all scales (democracy and efficient regulating institutions, education and information, partnerships, focus on local action). The third part details various sector-based measures (building renovation, mobility, industrial strategy, food transition and methanization, territorial development of photovoltaic, acceleration of wind energy development, a well managed nuclear phasing out), and transverse measures (governance, support to job evolutions and to ecological conversions, financing of energy transition). A fourth document proposes a synthetic presentation of these same elements

[en] Two sets of articles addressing issues related to ecological transition are proposed. The first one addresses general aspects and transverse tools related to governance (governance and involved institutions, ecological transition and other transitions), to law (on climate and on the environment), to technology (development of a low tech), to economy (physical risks and adaptation), and to circular economy (main actors, national strategy, limitations, wastes, waste waters). It also addresses aspects related to natural resources, biodiversity, wastes and pollutions (green energies and metals, food, climate and economy, biodiversity) and to climate change (adaptation and resilience, greenhouse gas emissions and energy). The second part more particularly focuses on the importance of decision processes at a territorial level. This comprises a global approach (safety for ecological transitions within a digital era, sustainable development, ethics and standards), and aspects related to the energy policy, to adaptation policy and to mitigation policy, to economy and to a territorial approach

[en] A set of articles discusses the use of energy scenarios: how useful they can be to describe a possible future and even to gather the involved actors, how they have been used in France in the past (for planning or prediction purposes, with sometimes some over-assessed or contradictory results, without considering any decline of nuclear energy, or by setting an impossible equation in the case of the Grenelle de l'Environnement), how the scenario framework impacts its content (depending on the approach type: standard, optimization, bottom-up, top-down, or hybrid). It also discusses the issue of choice of hypotheses on growth-based and de-growth-based scenarios, outlines how energy saving is a key for a sustainable evolution. Two German scenarios regarding electricity production (centralisation or decentralisation) and French regional scenarios for Nord-Pas-de-Calais are then briefly discussed

[en] Studies published in 2014, whether by IPCC scientists or New Climate Economy economists, showed that it is still possible to combat climate change without having to give up on economic growth and human development. This applies both to emerging countries which do not want to give up on their promised growth and to developed countries that fear having to surrender their lifestyles. Positioning ourselves on a greenhouse gas emission trajectory enabling us to limit global warming to 2 deg. C by the end of this century nonetheless requires a far-reaching and immediate response coordinated by all economic and political stakeholders. Companies know that they have a major role to play in dealing with the climate challenge. They are ready to change direction, as the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Kimoon urged them to do in September 2014. Companies of all sizes engaged in this process innovate and develop technological, organisational and financial solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the consequences of climate change. They are adjusting their strategies and economic models in response to these new challenges. It is these solutions that are presented in this publication 'Business strategies for climate'. All sectors of the economy are concerned; companies in all sectors can take a forward-looking approach to the changes caused by climate change and mobilise their resources to provide effective responses in line with the issues at stake. Global economic growth is resulting in a huge increase in the demand for mobility and transport. Companies are working on ways to improve vehicles, develop engines that are less fossil-fuel dependent, and on finding new ways for people to move around and to transport goods. The challenge is considerable: it will involve working with the growing need for transport while at the same time massively reducing the sector's greenhouse gas emissions. Cities are home to an ever-increasing number of people wanting to enjoy an ever-higher level of comfort, which leads to a notable increase in the building sector's energy consumption and GHG emissions. The required changes are many, both for the existing building stock which requires major renovation and for new buildings which are already incorporating stringent energy performance standards. Energy systems are at the heart of the economic development of regions and countries. But the choice of the world's energy mix has a significant effect on the future of the planet climate. New sources of energy are appearing or becoming profitable, new strategies are contributing to the sector's transition to more efficient production modes that emit less greenhouse gas. Land use is coming under increasing pressure as it must meet the needs of the world's population for food, energy and housing. But land use outside built-up areas is becoming increasingly rationalised: forestry, biomass, changing food supply and less carbon-emitting uses of farming land are all solutions that contribute to combating climate change. The emissions by financial stakeholders are very low. But as the funders of the world's economy, they have a central role to play in the transition towards a low-carbon economy. Factoring climate change increasingly into investment decisions and the risks it places on assets are beginning to inform the strategies adopted by the sector's companies