[en] The report under review lists dose factors for 809 radionuclides, showing the dose equivalent in 21 body organs or tissues, as well as the effective dose equivalent per activity intake through inhalation or ingestion. The calculations rely on the dosimetry and biokinetics models, calculation methods, and data given in ICRP publication 30. Modifications have been made with regard to data on the age dependence of anatomic or biokinetic parameters, and minor corrections in nuclear physical data. As for the element iodine, the nutritional iodine deficit in the FRG has been taken into account. (orig./PW)

[en] The report under review lists dose factors for 809 radionuclides, showing the dose equivalent in 21 body organs or tissues, as well as the effective dose equivalent per activity intake through inhalation or ingestion. The calculations rely on the dosimetry and biokinetics models, calculation methods, and data given in ICRP publication 30. Modifications have been made with regard to data on the age dependence of anatomic or biokinetic parameters, and minor corrections in nuclear physical data. As for the element iodine, the nutritional iodine deficit in the FRG has been taken into account. (orig./PW)

[en] The report under review lists dose factors for 809 radionuclides, showing the dose equivalent in 21 body organs or tissues, as well as the effective dose equivalent per activity intake through inhalation or ingestion. The calculations rely on the dosimetry and biokinetics models, calculation methods, and data given in ICRP publication 30. Modifications have been made with regard to data on the age dependence of anatomic or biokinetic parameters, and minor corrections in nuclear physical data. As for the element iodine, the nutritional iodine deficit in the FRG has been taken into account. (orig./PW)

[en] The report under review lists dose factors for 809 radionuclides, showing the dose equivalent in 21 body organs or tissues, as well as the effective dose equivalent per activity intake through inhalation or ingestion. The calculations rely on the dosimetry and biokinetics models, calculation methods, and data given in ICRP publication 30. Modifications have been made with regard to data on the age dependence of anatomic or biokinetic parameters, and minor corrections in nuclear physical data. As for the element iodine, the nutritional iodine deficit in the FRG has been taken into account. (orig./PW)

[en] The effective dose equivalent of the cumulated activity was determined for different organs as a function of the health, age, and sex of the patient. The calculations are based on data from nuclear medical examinations. A linear compartment model with linear differential equations was used whose solution provides the retention functions that can be represented as the sum of exponential functions. The nuclides investigated were: Tc-99m (DMSA, MDP, DPD, HDP, pertechnetates, colloids), I-131 hippurane, Co-58 vitamin B-12, Fe-59 citrate, and Cr-51-labelled erythrocytes. (HP)

[en] The objective of the present paper is to derive remediation strategies for rural settlements contaminated by the Chernobyl accident in which annual doses to a critical group still exceed 1 mSv. Extensive radioecological data have been collected for 70 contaminated settlements. A dose model based on these data resulted in estimates that are on average close to and a bit less than the official dose estimates ('catalogue doses') published by the responsible Ministries of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. For eight remedial actions that can be applied on a large scale, effectiveness and costs have been assessed in light of their dependence on soil type, contamination level and on the degree of previous application of remedial actions. Remediation strategies were derived for each of the 70 settlements by choosing remedial actions with lowest costs per averted dose and with highest degree of acceptability among the farmers and local authorities until annual doses are assessed to fall below 1 mSv. The results were generalised to 11 contamination/internal-dose categories. The total numbers of rural inhabitants and privately owned cows in the three countries distributed over the categories were determined and predicted until the year 2015. Based on these data, costs and averted doses were derived for the whole affected population. The main results are (i) about 2000 Sv can be averted at relatively low costs, (ii) the emphasis on reducing external exposures should be increased, (iii) radical improvement of hay-land and meadows and application of Prussian blue to cows should be performed on a large scale if annual doses of 1 mSv are an aim to be achieved, (iv) additional remedial actions of importance are fertilising of potato fields, distribution of food monitors and restriction of mushroom consumption, and (v) for inhabitants of some settlements (in total about 8600) annual doses cannot be reduced below 1 mSv by the remedial actions considered

[en] For these investigations two farms were chosen. Farm A carries out a rotational grazing regime with 4 grazed pastures which is the more commonly used farm practice in Bavaria, farm B practises a continuous grazing regime with one grazed pasture only. In farm B a tenfold lower Cs-137 activity concentration was observed in milk though activity concentrations in soil and pasture grass were the same as that at farm A, indicating the same transfer rate soil-plant at both locations. It could be shown under normal agricultural conditions that with a higher grazing pressure lower activity concentrations in milk (in this case a factor of about 2 to 3) were obtained. Therefore changing stock density in combination with a continuous grazing regime on a given pasture after a major nuclear accident can be considered as a possible countermeasure which can be easily applied. Mainly to get more synchronised growth rates and a homogeneous distribution of radiocontamination plot experiments were performed to simulate the influence of grazing intensity. Under the experimental design used here no effect of grazing intensity on the transfer of radionuclides to vegetation could be found. Effects of grazing intensity as found for the farm experiment, therefore must be due to other sources than vegetation activities, and are presumably due to soil ingestion preventing uptake of soluble plant incorporated radiocaesium in the animal rumen. (orig./MG)

[en] Full text of publication follows: The purpose of the present study is to analyze the thyroid cancer incidence risk after the Chernobyl accident and its degree of dependence on time and age. Data are analyzed for 1034 settlements in Ukraine and Belarus, in which more than 10 measurements of the ¹³¹I content in human thyroids had been performed in May/June 1986. Thyroid doses due to the Chernobyl accident were assessed for the birth years 1968-85 and related to thyroid cancers that were surgically removed during the period 1990-2001. The central estimate for the linear coefficient of the EAR dose response is 2.66 (95% CI: 2.19; 3.13) cases per 10⁴ PY-Gy, for the quadratic coefficient it is -0.145 (95% CI: -0.171; -0.119) cases per 10⁴ PY-Gy². The EAR is assessed to be higher for females than for males by a factor of 1.4. It decreases with age at exposure and increases with age attained. The central estimate for the linear coefficient of the ERR dose response is 18.9 (95% CI: 11.1; 26.7) Gy^-1, for the quadratic coefficient it is -1.03 (95% CI: -1.46; -0.60) Gy^-2. The ERR is assessed to be smaller for females than for males by a factor of 3.8 and decreases strongly with age at exposure. Both, EAR and ERR, are higher in the Belarusian settlements than in the Ukrainian settlements. In contrast to ERR, EAR increases with time after exposure. At the end of the observation period, excess risk estimates were found to be close to those observed in a major pooled analysis of seven studies of childhood thyroid cancer after external exposures. (authors)

[en] Main objectives of the BfS Project StSch4240 Thyroid Exposure of Belarusian and Ukrainian Children due to the Chernobyl Accident and Resulting Thyroid Cancer Risk were: to establish improved estimates of average thyroid dose for both genders and for each birth-year cohort of the period 1968 - 1985 in Ukrainian and Belarusian settlements, in which more than 10 measurements of the ¹³¹I activity in the human thyroid have been performed in May/June 1986, to explore, whether this dosimetric database can be extended to neighboring settlements, to establish improved estimates of average thyroid dose for both genders and for each birth-year cohort of the period 1968 - 1985 in Ukrainian and Belarusian oblasts (regions) and larger cities, to document the thyroid cancer incidence for the period 1986 - 2001 in Ukraine and Belarus and describe morphological characteristics of the cancer cases, to assess the contribution of the baseline incidence to the total thyroid cancer incidence in the two countries and identify regional and temporal dependencies, to perform analyses of excess risks in settlements with more than 10 measurements of the ¹³¹I activity in the human thyroid. The project has been conducted in the period 6 December 1999 to 31 March 2004. (orig.)

[en] Our objective is to assess the regional and temporal dependences of the baseline cases contributing to thyroid cancer incidence among those exposed in childhood or during adolescence in Belarus and Ukraine after the Chernobyl accident. Data are analysed for Kyiv and Sevastopol City and the 25 oblasts (regions) in Ukraine, and for Minsk and Gomel City and the 6 oblasts in Belarus. Average thyroid doses due to the Chernobyl accident were assessed for every birth year in the period from 1968 to 1985. Case data pertain to people who underwent surgical removal of thyroid cancers during the period 1986 to 2001 and who were allocated to their place of residence at the time of the accident. The 35 oblasts/cities were subdivided into an upper, middle and lower group of baseline thyroid cancer incidence. Poisson regressions were performed to estimate age, time and gender dependences of the baseline incidence rates in the three groups. The majority of oblasts/cities with high average doses and the majority of Belarusian oblasts/cities belong to the upper group of baseline thyroid cancer incidence. The baseline in the upper group is estimated to be larger than in the middle group by a factor of 2.3, and by a factor of 4.0 when compared to the lower group. The baseline incidence increases with age and with time since exposure. Estimated baseline incidence rates were found to increase from 1988 to 1999 by factors of three and two for the upper and the two lower groups respectively. The estimated thyroid cancer incidence rates in Belarus and Ukraine, and their dependences on gender and age, are consistent with observed rates found in the larger cancer registries of other countries. In conclusion, the baseline cases are found to contribute about 70% to the thyroid cancer incidence in Ukraine, and about 40% to the incidence in Belarus