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Schraube, H.
Technische Univ. Muenchen (Germany, F.R.). Fachbereich Elektrotechnik1977
Technische Univ. Muenchen (Germany, F.R.). Fachbereich Elektrotechnik1977
AbstractAbstract
[en] A computer program is described which calculates the neutron flux density on the beam axis using known data for cross sections and stopping power, taking into account reaction kinetics and the spatial target arrangement. The spectral flux-density and integral quantities, such as energy integrated flux-density, Kerma dose, mean energy and mean interaction cross section for some reactions used for neutron detection, are calculated for different beam energies and target pressures. For example for the given deuteron energy of 11 MeV, a beam current of 100 μA in a distance of 1 m from the beam window a neutron flux density of 2.108 cm-2s-1 and a kerma rate of 60 rad/min. can be obtained if the pressure of the 30 cm target amounts to 13 atm. Spectral flux density measurements are performed on the beam axis using a proton recoil telescope with a thin radiator and solid-state detectors. A squared off configuration is used in order to avoid neutrons of the direct beam reaching the detector. (orig./RW)
[de]
Es wird ein Rechenprogramm beschrieben, das mit Hilfe bekannter Daten fuer Wirkungsquerschnitte und Bremsvermoegen unter Beruecksichtigung der Reaktionskinematik und der raeumlichen Ausdehnung des Targets die Berechnung des Neutronenfeldes auf der Strahlachse erlaubt. Fuer verschiedene Einschussenergien und Targetdrucke werden die spektrale Flussdichte und integrale Groessen, wie energieintegrierte Flussdichte, Kermadosis, mittlere Energie und mittlere Wirkungsquerschnitte fuer einige Neutronennachweisreaktionen, berechnet. Fuer die vorgegebene Deuteronenenergie 11 MeV ist z.B. bei 100 μA Strahlstrom 11 m Abstand vom Ionenstrahlfenster die Neutronenflussdichte 2.108 1/ cm2s und die Kermarate 60 rad/ min, wenn der Druck im 30 cm langen Target 13 atm betraegt. Die Messung der spektralen Flussdichte auf der Strahlachse erfolgt mit Hilfe eines Rueckstossprotonenteleskops mit duennem Radiator und Halbleiterdetektoren. Zur teilweisen Abschattung der Detektoren gegen den direkten Neutronenstrahl wird eine gewinkelte Anordnung gewaehlt. (orig./RW)Original Title
Die Erzeugung und Messung schneller Neutronen an einem Kompaktzyklotron fuer die Anwendung in der Strahlentherapie
Primary Subject
Secondary Subject
Source
11 Feb 1977; 147 p; Diss. (D.Eng.).
Record Type
Miscellaneous
Literature Type
Thesis/Dissertation
Report Number
Country of publication
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INIS IssueINIS Issue
Schraube, H.
Gesellschaft fuer Strahlen- und Umweltforschung m.b.H., Neuherberg/Muenchen (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Strahlenschutz1977
Gesellschaft fuer Strahlen- und Umweltforschung m.b.H., Neuherberg/Muenchen (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Strahlenschutz1977
AbstractAbstract
[en] This paper relates the physical-technical fundamentals of fast neutron production for use in radiotherapy at the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum in Heidelberg. The available accelerator is a cyclotron of compact structure with relatively low particle energies, therefore the production of neutrons by the d → Be reaction performed usually with larger machines would not give satisfactory results with respect to dose rate and depth profile in the texture. A deuterium gas target is chosen which gives rise, besides the exothermal compound reaction, to only one competing endothermal process, when irradiated with deuterons. The gas target essentially consists of a deuterium-filled pressure vessel with a window for the ion beam which is directly cooled by circulating the target gas in a closed circuit. A computer code is described which allows the calculation of the neutron field in the beam axis on the basis of given cross-section and shopping power data, taking into account reaction kinematics and the spacial extention of the target. For different particle energies and target pressures spectral flux densities and integral quantities such as energy integrated flux densities, cerma doses, mean energies and mean cross sections are calculated. For the given deuteron energy of 11 MeV, a beam current of 100 μA and a target pressure of 13 atm (target length 30 cm) the neutron flux density amounts to 2 x 108 1/cm2s and the cerma rate is 60 rad/min in a distance of 1 m from the ion beam window. The measurement of the spectral flux density in the beam axis was performed using a recoil proton telescope with a thin radiator and semiconductor detectors.
[de]
Diese Arbeit bildet bezueglich der Neutronenerzeugung die physikalisch-technische Grundlage fuer die strahlentherapeutische Anwendung schneller Neutronen im Deutschen Krebsforschungszentrum in Heidelberg. Der zur Verfuegung stehende Beschleuniger ist ein Kompaktzyklotron mit vergleichsweise niedriger Teilchenendenergie, so dass die bei groesseren Geraeten uebliche d → Be-Reaktion zur Erzeugung der Neutronen hinsichtlich Dosisleistung und Tiefendosisverlauf im Gewebe keine zufriedenstellenden Ergebnisse liefern wuerde. Es wird ein Deuterium-Gas-Target gewaehlt, bei dem durch Beschuss mit Deuteronen neben der exothermen Compoundreaktion nur ein einziger konkurrierender endothermer Prozess moeglich ist. Das Gastarget besteht im wesentlichen aus einer mit Deuterium gefuellten Druckkammer, deren Eintrittsfenster fuer den Ionenstrahl durch Umwaelzen des Targetgases in einem geschlossenen Kreislauf direkt gekuehlt wird. Es wird ein Rechenprogramm beschrieben, das mit Hilfe bekannter Daten fuer Wirkungsquerschnitte und Bremsvermoegen unter Beruecksichtigung der Reaktionskinematik und der raeumlichen Ausdehnung des Targets die Berechnung des Neutronenfeldes auf der Strahlachse erlaubt. Fuer verschiedene Einschussenergien und Targetdrucke werden die spektrale Flussdichte und integrale Groessen, wie energieintegrierte Flussdichte, Kermadosis, mittlere Energie und mittlere Wirkungsquerschnitte fuer einige Neutronennachweisreaktionen, berechnet. Fuer die vorgegebene Deuteronenenergie 11 MeV ist z.B. bei 100 μA Strahlstrom in 1 m Abstand von Ionenstrahlfenster die Neutronenflussdichte 2,108 1/cm2s und die Kermarate 60 rad/min, wenn der Druck im 30 cm langen Target 13 atm betraegt. Die Messung der spektralen Flussdichte auf der Strahlachse erfolgt mit Hilfe eines Rueckstossprotonenteleskops mit duennem Radiator und Halbleiterdetektoren. (orig.)Original Title
Die Erzeugung und Messung schneller Neutronen an einem Kompaktzyklotron fuer die Anwendung in der Strahlentherapie
Primary Subject
Secondary Subject
Source
Mar 1977; 132 p; With figs., tabs. and refs.
Record Type
Report
Report Number
Country of publication
ACCELERATORS, BEAMS, CYCLIC ACCELERATORS, DOSIMETRY, ION BEAMS, MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, MEDICINE, NEUTRON DETECTORS, PARTICLE SOURCES, RADIATION DETECTORS, RADIATION DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS, RADIATION FLUX, RADIATION SOURCES, RADIOTHERAPY, SPATIAL DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS, SPECTROSCOPY, TARGETS, TESTING, THERAPY
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
Schraube, H.
GSF - Forschungszentrum fuer Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH, Neuherberg (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Strahlenschutz1990
GSF - Forschungszentrum fuer Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH, Neuherberg (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Strahlenschutz1990
AbstractAbstract
[en] A joint experiment to which 13 laboratories and 3 irradiating institutes contributed, was conducted under the sponsorship of EURADOS/CENDOS in order to test etched track detectors, mainly CR-39, with respect to their application in neutron individual dosimetry. The energy dependence of response, linearity of reading with dose, and zero-reading were tested in quasi-monoenergetic neutron field in the energy range from 0.075 to 28 MeV using more than 20 combinations of material and processing methods. This report contains the contributions of 13 laboratories with their full results, and a summarising comparative compilation of the reported background and linearity characteristics. (orig.)
Source
1990; 119 p; EURADOS-CENDOS--1990-01
Record Type
Report
Report Number
Country of publication
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AbstractAbstract
No abstract available
Original Title
Hoehenstrahlung. Die Exposition beim Fliegen
Primary Subject
Source
Strahlung. Von Roentgen bis Tschernobyl
Record Type
Journal Article
Journal
Mensch + Umwelt (Oberschleissheim); ISSN 0949-0671; ; (no.18,spezial); p. 14-15
Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
AbstractAbstract
[en] A measuring team has visited a number of laboratories - which have connections with the Radiation Protection Program of the European Communities - to intercompare the dosimetry systems directly in the neutron fields actually employed for calibration in radiation protection and for radiobiology. Several national standardization institutes, including those in the USA, UK and FRG and the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures are in the process of setting up calibration facilities and are organizing intercomparisons. ENDIP-2 provides a connection between various intercomparison and standardization projects in Europe. Eighteen participating groups in six countries were visited in four sessions. The measurements in the neutron fields with the ENDIP-2 transfer dosimetry system were restricted to the reference conditions at the participating institutes, i.e. free-in-air, and/or at depth in phantom. When possible the tissue-equivalent ionization chamber systems were calibrated against the γ-ray sources which are used as reference by the participants. (Auth.)
Source
Gezondheidsorganisatie TNO, Rijswijk (Netherlands). Radiobiologisch Inst. TNO; Gezondheidsorganisatie TNO, Rijswijk (Netherlands). Inst. voor Experimentele Gerontologie; Gezondheidsorganisatie TNO, Rijswijk (Netherlands). Primatencentrum; 292 p; 1984; p. 3-6; 8 refs.; 1 figure; 1 table.
Record Type
Report
Literature Type
Progress Report
Report Number
Country of publication
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INIS IssueINIS Issue
Schraube, H.; Morhart, A.
Gesellschaft fuer Strahlen- und Umweltforschung m.b.H., Neuherberg/Muenchen (Germany, F.R.)1975
Gesellschaft fuer Strahlen- und Umweltforschung m.b.H., Neuherberg/Muenchen (Germany, F.R.)1975
AbstractAbstract
[en] In radiotherapeutics, neutron sources are needed, generating a dose rate as high as possible and neutrons as energetic as possible. By bombardment of tritium targets with deuterons of some 100 keV, neutrons of about 15 MeV are produced, but because of the large slow-down effect in the target consisting of heavy metal the yield is too small. On applying beryllium targets the neutron yields are too small below a deuteron energy of 15 MeV; at the same time, the high percentage of low energy neutrons is undesirable. Based on the favorable yield of the D(d,n)He3 reaction for deuterons of about 100 MeV, a gas-target chamber is designed. The pressure chamber is designed for a deuterium pressure of up to 11 atmospheres and provided with cooling devices. The flux density in beam direction at a distance of 1 m reaches 108 per cm2, the maximum energy of the neutrons amounts to 12 MeV at deuteron energies of 9 MeV, and the neutron share below 9 MeV is small. The maximum dose rate in a tissue-equivalent phantom lies at 40 rads/min. (ORU)
[de]
In der Strahlentherapie werden Neutronenquellen benoetigt, die moeglichst hohe Dosisleistung und moeglichst energiereiche Neutronen liefern. Beim Beschluss von Tritiumtargets mit Deuteronen von einigen 100 KeV entstehen Neutronen von etwa 15 MeV, jedoch ist die Ausbeute wegen der starken Abbremsung im Target, das aus Schwermetall besteht, zu gering. Bei Verwendung von Berylliumtargets ist die Neutronenausbeute bei Deuteronenenergie unter 15 MeV zu gering, ebenso ist der hohe Anteil niederenergetischer Neutronen unerwuenscht. Basierend auf der guenstigen Ausbeute der D(d,n)He3 Reaktion fuer Deuteronen von etwa 10 MeV wird eine Gastargetkammer entworfen. Die Druckkammer ist fuer einen Deuteriumdruck bis 11 atm ausgelegt und mit Kuehlvorrichtungen versehen. Die Flussdichte in Strahlrichtung in 1 m Abstand vom Target erreicht 108/cm2, die Maximalenergie der Neutronen liegt bei 12 MeV bie Deuteronenenergien von 9 MeV, der Neutronenanteil unterhalb 2 MeV ist gering. Die maximale Dosisleistung in einem gewebeaequivalenten Phantom liegt bei 40 rad/min. (ORU)Original Title
Quelle fuer schnelle Neutronen
Primary Subject
Source
3 Jul 1975; 17 p; DE PATENT DOCUMENT 2363490/A/; 4 figs.
Record Type
Patent
Country of publication
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AbstractAbstract
[en] The application of the ratio of the readings of the 9- and 3-in. Bonner spheres is a widely used method to characterize the spectral distribution of neutron survey fields, especially in the United States. A method has been introduced to determine a correction factor for the energy dependence of the responses of individual albedo dosimeters when these are exposed in any slowing-down neutron field. The basic idea is to approximate the energy dependence of the response of the albedo dosimeter by the response of a 3-in. sphere, assuming that the energy dependence of the response of the 9-in. sphere is sufficiently similar to the required fluence-to-dose equivalent conversion function. It is concluded that the concept of the 9-in./3-in. sphere ratio is still applicable if the new operation quantities are applied and if the general overresponse of the method at energies below 1 MeV remains acceptable
Source
1991 Winter meeting of the American Nuclear Society (ANS) session on fundamentals of fusion reactor thermal hydraulics; San Francisco, CA (United States); 10-15 Nov 1991; CONF-911107--
Record Type
Journal Article
Literature Type
Conference
Journal
Country of publication
ALKALI METAL COMPOUNDS, EVEN-ODD NUCLEI, FUNCTIONS, HALIDES, HALOGEN COMPOUNDS, HELIUM ISOTOPES, IODIDES, IODINE COMPOUNDS, ISOTOPES, LIGHT NUCLEI, LITHIUM COMPOUNDS, LITHIUM HALIDES, LITHIUM ISOTOPES, MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, MONITORING, NEUTRON SPECTROMETERS, NUCLEI, ODD-ODD NUCLEI, SPECTROMETERS, STABLE ISOTOPES
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
AbstractAbstract
[en] The first step of neutron personnel dosimetry is the pure local dose dosimetry and the estimation of body equivalent doses from the duration of stay of persons occupationally exposed to neutron radiation in certain zones of controlled areas. If one is not satisfied with this, one will introduce a simple and cheap indicator/detector which, if possible, is read like the gamma dosemeter. For this, the Albedo TLD system offers itself. For persons, limited in number, of the 'high risk' category, a better dosemeter, replacing the nuclear track film, is to be used for fast and intermediary neutrons. For this, the Np fission track dosemeter offers itself, in particular in connection with the Albedo system. Most suitable for accident dosimetry is the simple supplementation of the chosen system (Albedo or Albedo plus slit track) by an Au/Au/(d), S activation probe set in connection with the possibility of determining the Na activation in the body. (orig.)
[de]
Der erste Schritt der Neutronen-Personendosimetrie ist die reine Ortsdosimetrie und Abschaetzung der Koerperaequivalentdosen aus der Aufenthaltsdauer beruflich mit Neutronenstrahlung exponierter Personen in bestimmten Kontrollbereichszonen. Will man sich damit nicht zufrieden geben, wird man einen einfachen, billigen und moeglichst in derselben Weise wie das Gammadosimeter abzulesenden Indikator-Detektor einfuehren. Dfuer bietet sich das Albedo-ILD-System an. Fuer einen begrenzten 'high-risk'-Personenkreis ist ein den Kernspurfilm ersetzendes, besseres Dosimeter fuer schnelle und intermediaere Neutronen zu verwenden. Dafuer bietet sich das Np-Spaltspurdosimeter besonders in Verbindung mit dem Albedo-System an. Zur Unfalldosimetrie am geeignetsten ist die einfache Ergaenzung des gewaehlten Systems (Albedo oder Albedo un Spaltspur) durch einen Au/Au(Cd), S-Aktivierungssondensatz in Verbindung mit der Moeglichkeit zur Bestimmung der Na-Aktivierung im Koerper. (orig.)Original Title
Die speziellen Probleme der Neutronen-Personendosimetrie
Secondary Subject
Source
Jacobi, W. (ed.) (Gesellschaft fuer Strahlen- und Umweltforschung m.b.H., Neuherberg/Muenchen (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Strahlenschutz); Fachverband fuer Strahlenschutz e.V., Karlsruhe (Germany, F.R.); p. 176-186; Apr 1976; 9. annual meeting of the Fachverband fuer Strahlenschutz e.V; Alpbach, Austria; 6 Oct 1975; Available from ZAED; 5 figs.; 2 tabs.; 14 refs.
Record Type
Report
Literature Type
Conference
Report Number
Country of publication
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
Schraube, H.; Morhart, A.
Gesellschaft fuer Strahlen- und Umweltforschung m.b.H. Muenchen, Neuherberg (Germany, F.R.)1980
Gesellschaft fuer Strahlen- und Umweltforschung m.b.H. Muenchen, Neuherberg (Germany, F.R.)1980
AbstractAbstract
[en] In radiotherapeutics, neutron sources are needed, generating a dose rate as high as possible and neutrons as energetic as possible. By bombardment of tritium targets with deuterons of some 100 keV, neutrons of about 15 MeV are produced, but because of the large slow-down effect in the target consisting of heavy metal the yield is too small. On applying beryllium targets the neutron yields are too small below a deuteron energy of 15 MeV; at the same time, the high percentage of low energy neutrons is undesirable. Based on the favorable yield of the D(d,n) He3 reaction for deuterons of about 100 MeV, a gas-target chamber is designed. The pressure chamber is designed for a deuterium pressure of up to 11 atmospheres and provided with cooling devices. The flux density in beam direction at a distance of 1 m reaches 108 per cm2, the maximum energy of the neutrons amounts to 12 MeV at deuteron energies of 9 MeV, and the neutron share below 9 MeV is small. The maximum dose rate in a tissue-equivalent phantom lies at 40 rads/min. (orig./PW)
Original Title
Neutronenquelle zur Erzeugung schneller Neutronen
Primary Subject
Source
17 Apr 1980; 20 Dec 1973; 9 p; DE PATENT DOCUMENT 2363490/C/; ?: 20 Dec 1973
Record Type
Patent
Country of publication
ALLOYS, BARYONS, BEAMS, ELEMENTARY PARTICLES, ELEMENTS, ENERGY RANGE, ENERGY TRANSFER, EVEN-ODD NUCLEI, FERMIONS, HADRONS, HELIUM ISOTOPES, ION BEAMS, ISOTOPES, LIGHT NUCLEI, METALS, MEV RANGE, NEUTRONS, NUCLEAR REACTIONS, NUCLEI, NUCLEONS, OPENINGS, PARTICLE SOURCES, RADIATION SOURCES, STABLE ISOTOPES, TARGETS, TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
AbstractAbstract
[en] Energy spectra of secondary cosmic rays are calculated for aircraft altitudes and a discrete set of solar modulation parameters and rigidity cut-off values covering all possible conditions. The calculations are based on the Monte Carlo code FLUKA and on the most recent information on the interstellar cosmic ray flux including a detailed model of solar modulation. Results are compared to a large variety of experimental data obtained on the ground and aboard aircraft and balloons, such as neutron, proton, and muon spectra and yields of charged particles. Furthermore, particle fluence is converted into ambient dose equivalent and effective dose and the dependence of these quantities on height above sea level, solar modulation, and geographical location is studied. Finally, calculated dose equivalent is compared to results of comprehensive measurements performed aboard aircraft. (author)
Primary Subject
Source
Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Record Type
Journal Article
Journal
Country of publication
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