[en] Based on the method described by Fischer, an ultramicro-size appratus was developed for static determination of the saturation vapour pressure of highly radioactive materials. The apparatus was tested with MgCl₂, MnCl₂, HoCl₃ and ScF₃. The vapour pressure curves of MgCl₂ and MnCl₂ were in good agreement with other publications and thus proved the efficiency of the apparatus in spite of its difficulties of handling. The values measured for HoCl₃ and ScF₃ differed from those of earlier publications. However, these deviations have been observed before and may be the result of the different measuring principles of static and dynamic methods. For AmCl₃, the following vapour pressure equation was established: log psub(Torr)=-(11826/T)+10.7. The thermodynamic parameters of the evaporation process were calculated on this basis, and the values for AmBr₃ and PnCl₃ were determined by extrapolation. (orig.)

[en] An increase in biomedical paediatric radiography of 5-10% per year is expected and therefore it is necessary to look for new possibilities to reduce the dose with the aim to make an increase of radiation exposure impossible, a radiation exposure which would indeed have a very negative effect on the organism of children. Some reasons for the increased radiation sensivity of children are explained. To reduce the radiation exposure the author demands for the sector of children radiobiology that doctors and assistents should be trained in a right way, further a clear diagnosis and the best possible equipment. Concerning the last point various possibilities are presented. The special problem of biomedical radiography is shortly dealt with. At the end of his report the author gives some recommendations concerning the dose, dose capacity, filters which should be used. (MG)

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No abstract available

[en] In recent years, there has been sweeping change in the methods of imaging used for children to establish a diagnosis. Owing to the advent of innovative diagnostic tools like computed tomography and magnetic resonance tomography and, in particular, the further refinement of methods from the field of sonography, the range of diagnostic measures has been broadened considerably. The use of radiological procedures in children not only requires special knowledge about the particular clinical pictures, which may often differ radically from those seen in adults, but also a sound judgement of the usefulness of the available diagnostic arsenal that can only be achieved in long years of experience. In addition, investigators must be careful that the relevant quality standards are met and radiation exposure risks kept to a minimum. During the preparatory work for this book, the publisher and contributers have taken great trouble to help achieve this aim. The subdivisions in this book are according to organs and tissues so that their growth and development as well as normal variations between individuals and general patterns of pathological changes can be treated, from the radiological point of view, separately in the different chapters. Descriptions of the various disorders are based on the prevailing clinical findings and, no less important, their radiological appearances, the range of differential diagnoses and image analysis. In each chapter, particular attention is given to the role of sonography, which over the past few years has been gaining increasingly in importance as a method of examination for children. A 'diagnostic flow diagram' was included to show which would be the most recommendable succession of diagnostic procedures in the individual diseases. (orig./GDG) With 933 figs

[en] The gonad doses measured by TLD give rise to thought, especially as the dose values were determined on an X-ray equipment meeting the latest requirements. Particularly in the case of male patients, the testicles should be protected; in both investigations, the testicle doses were twice as high as in female gonads. (HP)

[en] Urological radiographic procedures on children are of great importance. The frequency of examinations is comparable to the number of Gl tract studies. In diagnosing chronically recurrent urinary tract infections, micturating cystourethrography is a valuable addition to excretory urography. Indications and performance of micturating cystourethrography at juvenile age are described. All measures reducing radiation exposure must be taken into consideration. New technological devices grant improved diagnostic information with a minimal radiation exposure for patients. (orig.)

No abstract available

[en] In this contribution only the most important dose values are given which were found in excretory urography and micturition cystourethrography. These values range clearly considerably below those indicated in literature. The reasons for this discrepancy are sketched briefly. Our task is now to point out to all physicians concerned with child roentgenology that there exist simple dose-reducing techniques. The indications for radiodiagnostic and nuclear-medicinal examinations have to be considered very carefully, because they complete each other, but even when one of these two methods is applied uniquely, the corresponding diagnostic findings can be obtained. In this connection it has to be emphasized that only a very close cooperation between the hospital physicians and the radiologists can lead to successful results. (orig.)

No abstract available