[en] Objective: To assess renal biomarkers in diabetic and non-diabetic patients attending the secondary-level hospital of district Attock, Pakistan. Methodology: This prospective study was conducted in a secondary-level hospital of district Attock from 02-01-2023 to 30-6-2023. A total of 100 subjects were enrolled voluntarily using convenient sampling. They were divided in two groups; group A with diabetes and group B without any illness. Vitals, BSR, HBA1C, cystatin C, creatinine, and urea were recorded. Data were analyzed using MS Excel. Results: Group A had 27 females, 22 males, and 1 transgender. 33% had good glycemic control as shown by HBA1C and 15% had poor glycemic control and derangement of urea, creatinine, and cystatin c. 11% had poor glycemic control and raised levels of cystatin C but normal urea and creatinine levels. Group B had 37 females and 13 males. 4% had derangement of all three renal biomarkers and another 5% had raised levels of cystatin C. 28% had hypertension, 12% had COPD, 6% had depressive illness, 54% had no chronic illness. Conclusion: Cystatin C showed promising results in the early detection of renal damage in diabetic patients compared with creatinine and urea. However, the only drawback is the high cost of testing for cystatin C. Considering the long-term benefits of avoiding complications would be much more beneficial despite the higher cost. (author)

[en] Objective: To determine the etiology of chronic liver disease in children. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Paediatrics, Combined Military Hospital Lahore, from Jun 2014 to Dec 2014. Material and Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study conducted at department of Paediatrics, Combined Military Hospital Lahore from 1st June 2014 to 31st December 2014. It included 150 consecutive paediatric patients (1-14 years) with chronic liver disease. Results: Out of 150 children 95 (63.33%) were male and 55 (36.66%) were females. The mean age of the children included in the study was 7.2 +- 4.6 years and the age range was 1 year to 14 years. Viral hepatitis (61, 40.67%) was the commonest cause of the liver disease followed by glycogen storage disease (11, 7.33%) and Wilson's disease in 13 (8.6%). Conclusion: There are various causes of chronic liver disease in children most common being hepatitis B and C infection. The early identification of etiology of chronic liver disease in children is of cardinal importance for optimal management of these cases.