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[en] Nuclear district heating - a relatively new direction of nuclear power development is considered. Three methods how to organize the centralized district heating from nuclear power sources are discussed. The application of nuclear central heating- and-power plants (NCHPP), the combined generation of heat and electric power by reactors of condensation NPP and the application of nuclear boilers. The first method is the most economic but the most complicated, the third one - the creation of nuclear district heating plants (NDHP) without generation of electricity has a number of design advantages though it lends to a less economic utilization of primary energy. The second method occupies the intermediate position. Main requirements on NDHP (nuclear boiler) safety operation are stated, its flowsheet and a brief description of its reactor plant are given. It is emphasized that the combined generation of heat and electric power by NCHPP is less effective than by fossil fuel CHPP

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[en] The object is to provide low-temperature heat for industry and residential use. The generation of high-temperature heat for various fields of industry imposes special requirements on nuclear plants and is not considered in this article. Three methods are listed of central heating based on nuclear sources. The most economical in the use of fuel is the nuclear district heating power station, which is a station designed to generate both electrical energy and heat in the one set. The second method provides a heating supply based on a nuclear reactor. This involves using a nuclear reactor to provide steam for a condensing steam turbine cycle and for heat supply. The third method is to use a nuclear fired furnace that serves only to produce low-pressure steam and hot water. In this case, no electrical energy is generated at all. 2 refs

[en] Problems, connected with the nuclear reactors use, for compensating seasonal variations in electric power consumption are discussed. Different versions of the structure of combined electric power systems, including thermal power stations (TPS), nuclear power stations (NPP), and nuclear power-and-heating plants (NPHP), are discussed. In the first version nuclear reactors are used both for heat production and electric power generation for the seasonal control of its supply. In the second and the third alternative versions condensational TPS on organic fuel are used for the seasonal control of electric power generation, and NPHP with TK-450/500-60 turbines and nuclear heat supply stations (NHSS), repectrively, are used for the heat supply. The results of calculations show that the use of NPHP with TR-type turbines with backpressure (NPHPsub(TR)) pays economically beginning with Csub(TPS)=19 rub/(MWx.h) even at the Csub(p)=14.5 rub/(MWxh) level of the calculated specific expenses at NPP, already attained nowadays. A conclusion is drawn that Csub(p) will decrease in prospects with mastering NPP units with the greater unit power (1500 and 2400 MW) and also with putting into operation multi-unit stations. The NPHP economical efficiency is more evident if a combination implying the heat supply from NPHP is considered as an alternative

[en] A possibility has been investigated to improve the efficiency of NPPs with the WWER type reactors by increasing unit power in reactor technology, optimization of reactor lattices and using closed uranium and thorium fuel cycles. As examplified by the three generations of the WWER type reactors any succeeding step in increasing unit power of reactors, steam generators, circulating loops, etc., bears less fruit. Basic parameters of the WWER-1000 type reactor lattices have been optimized using the present worth method. The application of closed fuel cycles with metallic uranium or thorium has been demonstrated to result in reduction of natural fuel consumption and the SWUs services

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[en] Nuclear steam generators can be used either to generate electricity and steam or only as steam generators without electricity production. The generation of steam alone leads to simplified construction practices that can save money without sacrificing safety requirements. However, the low usage factor of a steam-only system used for central heating decreases plant overall efficiency and increases capital costs relative to steam costs supplied along with electricity

[en] Optimization problems related to nuclear power district heating plant (NPDHP) operation are considered. A method is considered for heat transfer from a NPDHP by warming the heating-system water with heat removed from the reactor core coolant. This method is based on the fact that greater subcooling of coolant entering the core results in a higher margin up to a critical heat transfer following a linear law. Reactor power can be also increased according to the same law. To evaluate competitiveness of thermal load addition schemes based on using the possibility of increasing a reactor power, different versions of covering users' thermal loads were considered. NPDHP with a boiling reactor with integral steam generator layout and a separator placed outside of the reactor vessel. The calculation results show the schemes of heat transfer from NPDHP, based on using the dependence of available thermal reactor power on the temperature subcooling to the coolant boiling at the core inlet, to be promising

No abstract available