[en] We summarize the main issues and conclusions of the working group devoted to low emittance sources

[en] Emerging epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution increases the risk of cardiovascular events but the exact mechanism by which PM has adverse effects is still unclear. Alveolar macrophages (AM) play a major role in clearing and processing inhaled PM. This comprehensive review of research findings on immunological interactions between AM and PM provides potential pathophysiological pathways that interconnect PM exposure with adverse cardiovascular effects. Coarse particles (10 μm or less, PM₁₀) induce innate immune responses via endotoxin-toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 pathway while fine (2.5 μm or less, PM_2.5) and ultrafine particles (0.1 μm or less, UFP) induce via reactive oxygen species generation by transition metals and/or polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The innate immune responses are characterized by activation of transcription factors [nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein-1] and the downstream proinflammatory cytokine [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α] production. In addition to the conventional opsonin-dependent phagocytosis by AM, PM can also be endocytosed by an opsonin-independent pathway via scavenger receptors. Activation of scavenger receptors negatively regulates the TLR4-NF-κB pathway. Internalized particles are subsequently subjected to adaptive immunity involving major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) expression, recruitment of costimulatory molecules, and the modulation of the T helper (Th) responses. AM show atypical antigen presenting cell maturation in which phagocytic activity decreases while both MHC II and costimulatory molecules remain unaltered. PM drives AM towards a Th1 profile but secondary responses in a Th1- or Th-2 up-regulated milieu drive the response in favor of a Th2 profile.

No abstract available

[en] During the run 1998/1999 a new injector based on a laser-driven RF gun was brought in operation at the TESLA Test Facility (TTF) linac at DESY, in order to produce the beam structure and quality required either by TeV collider and SASE FEL experiments. High quantum efficiency cesium telluride photocathodes, prepared at Milano and transferred to DESY, have been successfully operated in the RF gun. A bunch charge of 50 nC, only limited by space charge effects, was achieved. The photocathodes have shown an operative lifetime of several months. A new cathode surface finishing has showed a promising decrease of the photocathode dark current. Measurements of dark current, quantum efficiency and lifetime are reported

No abstract available

[en] We study neutralino dark matter within a semi-realistic type I string model, where supersymmetry breaking arises from F-terms of moduli fields parameterised in terms of Goldstino angles, which automatically gives rise to non-universal soft third sfamily and gaugino masses. We study the fine-tuning sensitivities for dark matter and electroweak symmetry breaking across the parameter space of the type I string model, and compare the results to a similar analysis in the non-universal MSSM. Within the type I string model we find that neutralino dark matter can be naturally implemented in the τ-tilde bulk region, the Z⁰ resonance region and the maximally tempered Bino/Wino/Higgsino region, in agreement with the results of the non-universal MSSM analysis. We also find that in the type I string model the 'well-tempered' Bino/Wino region is less fine-tuned than in the MSSM, whereas the τ-tilde co-annihilation region exhibits a significantly higher degree of fine-tuning than in the MSSM

[en] Highlights: • Measuring everywhere does not improve control when limited to one actuator plane. • Actuating everywhere does not improve control when limited to one sensor plane. • The distribution of optimal forcing strongly depends on the control setup. • We employ the eddy-viscosity-enhanced linearized Navier-Stokes equations. • We look at the largest structures in an incompressible turbulent channel flow. We consider linear feedback flow control of the largest scales in an incompressible turbulent channel flow at a friction Reynolds number of $R{e}_{\tau }=2000$. A linear model is formed by linearizing the Navier–Stokes equations about the turbulent mean and augmenting it with an eddy viscosity. Velocity perturbations are then generated by stochastically forcing the linear operator. The objective is to reduce the kinetic energy of these velocity perturbations at the largest scales using body forces. It is shown that a control set-up with a well-placed array of sensors and actuators performs comparably to either measuring the flow everywhere (while limiting actuators to a single wall height) or actuating the flow everywhere (while limiting sensors to a single wall height). In this way, we gain insight (at low computational cost) into how the very large scales of turbulence are most effectively estimated and controlled.

No abstract available

[en] We investigated the representativeness of 10-m wind measurements in a 4 km × 2 km area of modest relief by comparing observations at a central site with those at four satellite sites located in the same area. Using a combination of established and new methods to quantify and visualize representativeness, we found significant differences in wind speed and direction between the four satellite sites and the central site. The representativeness of the central site wind measurements depended strongly on surface wind speed and direction, and atmospheric stability. Through closer inspection of the observations at one of the satellite sites, we concluded that terrain-forced flows combined with thermally driven downslope winds caused large biases in wind direction and speed. We used these biases to generate a basic model, showing that terrain-related differences in wind observations can to a large extent be predicted. Such a model is a cost-effective way to enhance an area’s wind field determination and to improve the outcome of pollutant dispersion and weather forecasting models.

[en] RF pulsed heating effects are considered for cavities, operating with frequency 1300 MHz in combination of strong electromagnetic fields and long RF pulse. It leads to significant cavity surface temperature rise, cavity shape deformation and parameters change during RF pulse. Results of numerical simulations are presented and compared with experimental data. Results of this work are input both for improved cavity operation description and for RF control system modification