[en] Groundwater management is important for global and local sustainability, which is shown as large groundwater footprints through the global agricultural trade and local environmental problems due to groundwater depletion, as well as climate change impacts on groundwater resources directly and indirectly, and carbon emissions through human activities using groundwater. Groundwater, energy and food are interlinked each other beyond the boundaries of each shed as well as transspatially, such as local, national, and global, through the food and energy trades. Interactions between groundwater-food-energy nexus and environmental/ economical/social impacts under the conditions of climate change and urbanization, are analyzed for global and local sustainability, in terms of multi-scale integrated management and governance of the nexus by increasing synergies and reducing trade-offs. Environmental changes and degradations such as air and water pollutions, land subsidence, and others, had been occurred significantly during the Anthropocene, as tradeoff of the economic development, even though the national and local government policies had tried to make synergy of groundwater-energy-food nexus. To understand the relationships between social/economic developments and environmental change, some analyses have been made with the indices including self -sufficiency as a part of securities, water footprints for food production as nexus interlinkage and others, depending on the different spatial scale as transboundary of interand intraconnected nexus. Three databases are made with resources, interlinkage, and scenario in multi-spatial scale including Kyoto city, Kyoto prefecture, Kansai area, and Japan. A nexus model to analyze the change of the nexus structure has been developed, and assessments of the changes in three resources, carbon emission, environmental and economic impacts, are analyzed. Preference of local food production causes the decrease in energy consumption for food transports and carbon emission, on the other hand the increase in water and energy consumption in local area. Tradeoffs were found between economy and environment as well as local and national scale.

No abstract available

[en] Full text: In recent years, many PEEM experiments are successfully achieved, and PEEM is going to be a standard tool for sur- face/interface analysis, because it enables us to obtain element selective and topological information as well as electronic structure. Especially, a well-known XMCD technique can be used to study the surface and interface magnetism. The temperature dependent behavior of magnetic domains in nano-meter scale is expected to be a key property to understand the surface/interface magnetism and this would be quite helpful for development of new recording devices. Due to the possible position drift with temperature, the careful design of the sample stage with a cryostat is highly required. Therefore, our main goal is to cool the sample down to 20K stably during PEEM measurement and observe the variation of the magnetic domain with temperature and study characteristic magnetic phenomena with about 30nm spatial resolution. On the other hand it is known that the domain structure strongly depend on the shape of sample and the origin of the magnetic characters are from the electronic properties. Moreover the surface roughness and local nano structure is thought to dominate the local magnetic coupling at the interface. So the magnetic property, the topological structure and its electronic structure have very strong relation with each other therefore we need to investigate all of them for a complete understanding of surface/interface magnetism. Our PEEM equips the retarding ld energy analyzer in the front of MCP, and enables us to investigate the distribution of electronic structure in nano-meter range. The topological information can be obtained using Hg mercury lamp or low energy synchrotron radiation from HiSOR. The feature of our PEEM project is to study the temperature dependence of magnetic domain, to investigate the electronic state and to observe the topological information of the surface in same instruments. The detailed results will be presented in the conference

[en] We are checking the cold nuclear fusion phenomena. The experiments were carried out in a heavy hydrogen atmosphere and the charged particles detected with a Si-SSD. Moreover, we are setting up a quadrupolar mass spectrometer in order to detect ⁴He

[en] Electrical resistivity and Hall coefficients of layered chalcogenides of TlCu_2-xSe₂, TlCu_2-xTe₂ and (Tl_1-xBa_x)Cu₂Se₂ were measured on sintered pellets. TlCu_2-xSe₂ and TlCu_2-xTe₂ were stable in the range of (2-x) between 1.95 and 2.00, and 1.96 and 2.00, respectively. TlCu₂Se₂ gave fairly small values of ρ at low temperatures (e.g., ρ=2x10^-7 Ωcm at 2 K). TlCu₂Te₂ gave a ρ of ca. 3x10^-6 Ωcm at 2 K. The values of residual resistivity were also quite small for these compounds in spite of the presence of a large number of impurities and lattice defects. TlCu_2-xSe₂ showed T² dependence of ρ below 50 K, indicative of electron-electron scattering. Hall measurements for all systems showed that conduction occurs predominantly by holes originating from charge compensation, and by a small number of electrons. The Hall mobility showed substantial T^-3/2 dependence for all samples, suggesting the dominance of acoustic phonon scattering. The (Tl_1-xBa_x)Cu₂Se₂ system showed mixed conduction with holes and electrons, where electrons originate from the Ba²⁺ ions that are substituted for Tl⁺ ions

[en] Seepage measurements of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) were carried out in March 2002 in the Donnalucata boat basin in southeastern Sicily. SGD rates measured by manual seepage meters ranged from 5.5 to 19.3 L/min/m (with an average of 12.1 L/min/m), which was 0.6 and 5.9 times the SGD determined in Florida and Perth, respectively. The spatial distribution of SGD was found to be highly variable along ∼300 m long coast area. Semi-diurnal SGD variations which anti-correlated with tide were found using newly developed automated seepage meters that can provide continuous SGD data with high resolution. These variations may be attributed to the tidal effect, when a greater hydraulic gradient, observed at low tide, moves groundwater from land to the ocean, and an opposite effect is observed at high tide. Groundwater discharge rates were estimated from borehole groundwater temperature and pore water temperature under the seabed to be 0.92 to 3.6 cm/day in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. Automated and manual seepage meters measured larger groundwater discharge rates of 13.7 to 16.3 cm/day. This may be caused that observed seepage rates by seepage meters include not only terrestrial fresh groundwater discharge but also recirculated saltwater. On the other hand, the discharge rates estimated from subsurface temperature may consist of only terrestrial fresh groundwater discharge. Measurements of electric resistivity of the seabed and of the electric conductivity of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) collected in seepage meters have been made in Ubatuba, Brazil. A diurnal variation of SGD conductivity was found under the condition of semi-diurnal tidal changes over a period of four days. SGD comprised a combination of submarine fresh groundwater discharge (SFGD) of terrestrial origin, and of recirculated saline groundwater discharge (RSGD) of marine origin. The maximum of the terrestrially derived fraction SFGD/SGD was found at a distance of 50 m offshore. A lower SFGD/SGD ratio was found closer to shore, where the highest SGD flux was measured. SGD conductivity and ground resistivity displayed a diurnal cyclicity at semi-diurnal tidal water level variations, indicating that tidal water level fluctuations may not be the primary driver of SGD flux at Ubatuba. (author)

[en] Acquisition of repertoires and genetic restriction specificities of suppressor T cells (Ts) and their factors were studied by using full allogeneic radiation bone marrow chimera and H-2 congenic pairs, B10.A(3R) and B10.A(5R), which received conventional or cloned macrophages by cell transfer. Suppressor T-cell factor (TsF) from C3H----C57BL/6 or C57BL/6----C3H chimera suppressed only donor but not host-type responses of either C3H or C57BL/6, in an antigen-specific fashion. However, if chimera mice were given conventional or cloned macrophages of the host type, the chimera TsF in turn suppressed both the responses of C3H and C57BL/6 mice but not those of the third party, BALB/c, indicating that macrophages are responsible for the acquisition of host restriction specificity. Similarly, B10.A(5R) mice developed I-Jb restricted Ts or TsF when the B10.A(3R) macrophage cell line was injected at the time of antigen priming. The reverse was also true. B10.A(3R) mice did generate I-Jk restricted Ts when they received the B10.A(5R) macrophage cell line. Thus, the results clearly demonstrated that B10.A(3R) or B10.A(5R) mice potentially possessed their ability to express both I-Jk and I-Jb determinants and that repertoires and genetic restriction specificity of Ts and their TsF were acquired at a macrophage level at the time of antigen-priming

[en] An equilibrium isotherm on V-S system at 900 ⁰C was determined by changing partial pressure of sulfur. Single crystals of several V₅S₈ and V₂S₃ compounds were grown by chemical transport. The grown crystals almost satisfied compositional relation on equilibrium isotherms between 900 ⁰C (hot zone) and lower temperatures (cold zone). Electrical conductivity of the single crystals was measured at temperatures from liquid nitrogen to 25 ⁰C. It showed metallic behavior without any significant dependence on compositional variation. Also the conductivity measurement of sintered samples for various vanadium sulfides was carried out in the compositional range from VSsub(1.38) (V₃S₄ phase) to VSsub(1.58) (V₅S₈ phase). (author)

[en] The Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center is a common facility for both research and education in the field of synchrotron radiation science. The operation of the light source was started from March 1998. The storage ring can be operated at 700 MeV with a critical energy of 873 eV. The machine has a racetrack shape with a circumference of 22 m, and has 14 photon beam ports. The maximum operational current is 300 mA, and the beam lifetime is longer than 6 h at 200 mA. Of total 13 beamlines introduced so far, three beamlines are dedicated to photoemission spectroscopy (PES). An available photon-energy range is hν=26-300 eV. A hemispherical photoelectron analyzer is equipped at the end station. Total energy resolution has been achieved to ∼ 15 meV at hν=100 eV. The photon-energy range is hν=4-40 eV and total energy resolution is ∼ 4.5 meV at hν=7 eV. Although total energy resolution has been achieved to ∼25 meV at hν=80 eV, we usually carry out the PES experiments. The PES spectra taken at hν∼7 eV provide information on the conduction band electrons. In order to investigate the bulk-originated electronic structure we started the hard x-ray PES experiments with a total energy resolution of ∼ 270 meV. Thus, we promote the research project with use of light in a wide energy-range (7 eV-6 keV). 1) Unusual energy gap formation in the Kondo semiconductor CeRhAs has attracted much interest for its unusual energy gap formation or metal-to-insulator transition as temperature decreases. The energy gap is assumed to be formed by the temperature dependence of the c-f hybridization. By means of resonant PES, we could observe a energy-gap structure in the Ce 4f states. In order to observe As 4p state and Rh 4d state, we have measured the PES spectra at hν=7.9 eV, 40 eV and 6 keV, respectively, due to the photon-energy dependence of photoionization cross-section. From the spectra at hν=7.9 eV, we could see that the density of states (DOS) near E_F decreases with lowering temperature. The 40 eV spectrum, indicating Rh 4d partial DOS, shows energy gap structure near E_F. We can, thus, reveal behaviors of each orbital for the gap formation with use of the energy-dependent PES spectra. 2) Valence transition in YbInCu₄ has attracted great interests because of an isostructural first-order valence transition at T_V=42 K. In accordance with the valence transition, abrupt changes in the lattice volume, magnetic susceptibility and the other physical properties are observed. Thermodynamic data have shown that the Yb valence changes from z ∼ 3 to z ∼ 2.9, while Yb L_III-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments from z∼2.9 to z∼2.8. In order to investigate the change of the Yb 4f and conduction-band states near the valence transition, the PES spectra have been measured at hν=7 eV-6 keV. The spectra of YbInCu₄ measured at hν=21.2-180 eV show the peak-structure derived from the Yb²⁺ 4f_7/2 states at ∼ 39 meV below E_F, in spite of the Yb states close to trivalent in the high-temperature region. Although the peak intensity increases with lowering temperature. Actually, the PES spectra taken at hν=7 eV, which are bulk-sensitive compared to those at hν=21.2-180 eV and reflect conduction-band states exhibit a drastic change between 50 and 40 K. The spectral feature at the top 150 meV region is almost flat above 50 K. With lowering temperature to 40 K, the structure appears around 47 meV and the feature is unchanged down to 20 K. This experimental result shows that an amount of hybridization between the Yb 4f and conduction-band states abruptly increases in the low temperature phase and is consistent with the change of the Kondo temperature T_K in accordance with the valence transition; T_K+ ∼ 25 K and T_K- ∼ 400 K. In order to investigate the Yb 4f states under the bulk-sensitive condition, we have measured the PES spectra at hν = 6 keV. The intensity of the Yb²⁺ 4f-derived peak is negligibly small above 50 K and the peak is remarkably enhanced through the valence transition. Such a change of the valence-band PES spectra of YbInCu₄ has not been presented so far. With the increase of λ, the spectral feature changing becomes sharp and the Yb valence derived from the PES spectra becomes close to trivalent. The λ- dependent PES spectra suggest an existence of the subsurface region, where the transition temperature would be higher than that of the bulk, in YbInCu₄. 3) Many body effect in Ni(110) Metallic ferromagnetism of Ni has attracted much interest. Electron correlation plays an important role for the narrowing of the Ni 3d bands. In order to examine many body effects in the ferromagnetic Ni 3d bands, we have done high-resolution ARPES study of Ni(110) using hν = 21-29 eV. In the intensity plot of the ARPES spectra of Ni(110) taken at hν = 29 eV, the Σ₁ up- and down-spin bands crossing E_F are observed. From the width of an angular-distribution curve (ADC) at E_F we can estimate mean-free paths of quasi-particles at E_F with up- and down-spins. By quantitative line shape analyses, we found that up-spin electrons has shorter mean-free path compared with down-spin electrons. We could also evaluate the real and imaginary parts of the self-energy, in which information on the many body effects is included. We can, thus, discuss electronic structure by means of the high-resolution ARPES. An amount of information can be deduced from the high-resolution PES spectra. 4) Other than three subjects above mentioned, the PES results have been obtained for the carbon nanotubes, the Kondo semiconductor YbB₁₂, the superconducting interlayered nitrides β-HfNCl. In addition to PES, linear and circular dichroison experiments are available. Recently, we have measured the Ti 2p-3d absorption spectra of the Mott insulator YTiO₃. (author)

No abstract available