[en] For the experimental conditions of the KASCADE-Grande experiment, the density of EAS charged particles at the distance of about 500 m from the shower core S(500) has been shown by detailed simulation studies to be an approximate energy estimator, being nearly independent of the mass of the primary particle. This report presents some experimentally observed features of the S(500) observable registered with the KASCADE-Grande array installed at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany The measured energy deposits of particles in the 37 scintillation detector stations have been used to reconstruct the lateral charged particle distributions that are described by a Linsley parameterization (LDF). Among other features, the S(500) dependence from the EAS angle of incidence has been studied

No abstract available

[en] The charge ratio of atmospheric muons is rather sensitive to effects of the geomagnetic field and to the hadronic interaction. Experimental information about this quantity is very useful for tuning the ingredients of models used for calculations of atmospheric neutrino fluxes. For experimental observations, and in particular regarding the asymmetry in the charge ratio of muons from the east and West directions (East-West effect) a rotatable device has been installed in NIPNE-HH (National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering -- Horia Hulubei) Bucharest (44 deg. 26'N, 26 deg. 04' E, 85 m above sea-level at a vertical cut-off rigidity of 5.6 GV). The detector is mounted in a rotatable frame, consisting of a stack of 16 modules, 90 x 90 cm², formed by plastic scintillator layers (3 cm thick) and aluminum support (1.2 cm thick), surrounded by 4 lateral veto counters. The measurements are based on observation of the life time of muons stopped in the absorber layers of the detector. At a mean zenith angle of 35 deg. the East West asymmetry in the ratio has been found to decrease from 0.25 to 0.20, in the momentum range 0.35 - 0.50 GeV/c

[en] Two important observables that describe extensive air showers (EAS) are the center of particle distribution in the shower front (the center of gravity of the particle distribution) and the arrival direction (the zenithal and azimuthal angle of the shower axis). In view of the KASCADE - Grande experiment and based on CORSIKA simulations a program has been made to reconstruct the center of the EAS front and the arrival direction by using different algorithms. For each algorithm the efficiency for reconstruction has been investigated relative to the place in which the air shower hits the detector array. The reconstruction of the center of the shower front has been done by using an algorithm that calculates the center of gravity of particle intensity distribution measured in detectors. A good reconstruction efficiency has been achieved for showers hitting near the center of the array (uncertainty - 10 m). An increase in the reconstruction error is found when the shower front hits the array closer to the array border. The arrival direction reconstruction algorithms use as input data the arrival time of particle measured in detectors and approximate the shower front with a plane, a conic or a spherical disk. Efficiency of these algorithms has also been studied. As geometrical layout for the detector array, the KASCADE - Grande detector array (Karlsruhe, Germany) has been used. (authors)

[en] Two important observables that describe extensive air showers (EAS) are the center of particle distribution in the shower front (the center of gravity of the particle distribution) and the arrival direction (the zenithal and azimuthal angle of the shower axis). A program was developed that, using results given by CORSIKA simulations, reconstructs the center of the EAS front and the arrival direction as well. The program uses different algorithms and a study of reconstructing efficiency has been done for each algorithm or even for the same algorithm relative to where an extensive air shower hits the detector array. As geometrical model for the detector array, the KASCADE - Grande detector array (Karlsruhe, Germany) has been used. The reconstruction of the center of the shower front has been done by using an algorithm that calculates the center of gravity of particle mass distribution in detectors. A good reconstruction efficiency has been achieved for showers hitting near the center of the array. Also, an increase in the reconstruction error as the shower front hits the array closer to the border occurred. The arrival direction reconstruction algorithms were used as input data while the arrival time of particles in detectors was deduced by approximating the shower front with a plane, a conic or a spherical surface. Efficiency of these algorithms has also been studied. (authors)

[en] At present, the sucker rod pumping installations are the most used in the case of the wells in production, when an eruptive exploitation is not possible. The practice has demonstrated that an important role in increasing safety in the operation of the pumping units has the design of the various component bearings because of the extremely high values of the connection forces to which they are loaded. That is why it is necessary to establish as accurately as possible the values of these connecting forces. In the paper is analyzed the dynamics of a conventional pumping unit mechanism. The dynamic study which allows establishing the values of the connecting forces in the joints is performed within the Assur structural groups. The dynamic analysis was implemented into a computer program using Maple programming environment and finally it has been presented some simulation results in the case of a C-320D-256-100 pumping unit. (paper)

[en] By statically balancing of the plane mechanisms and especially those functioning at high speeds is being pursued the decrease of the value of the resultant force of all inertia forces that work on the component elements, thus obtaining a significant decrease in vibrations and shocks during the functioning. On the other hand, the existence of balancing masses which ensure the balancing of the mechanism leads to increased gauge and its mass. In this paper are presented some possibilities of statically balancing a plane mechanism which is composed of three independent contours. First is analyzed the case when the mechanism is totally balanced. Then a solution is proposed for a partial balancing of the mechanism based on the balancing of the first harmonic of the inertia force developed in a piston of the mechanism. Finally, are presented some simulation results concerning the variation of the value of the resultant inertia force during a cinematic cycle when the mechanism is unbalanced and when it is partially balanced. Also, it is analyzed the variation of the motor moment when the mechanism is unbalanced and when is totally and partially balanced. (paper)

[en] The lateral distributions of EAS particles has been investigated using CORSIKA simulations for 150 showers initiated by H, C and Fe primaries for the energy 10¹⁶ eV. In order to express the variation of the lateral density of particles, a generalization of the NKG function has been used: Δ =N/R₀²C(α, η) (R/R₀)^-α (1+R/R₀)^-(η-α), C=Γ(η - α) [2πΓ(2 - α)Γ(η - 2)]^-1. Δ is the particle density at a distance R from the shower axis, N is the shower size (in our case the total number of electrons and muons), R₀ is the Molliere radius (to R₀ a value of 92 m was given for this study), R is the radius, α and η are two parameters. A suitable set of parameters α and η is expected to describe rather accurately the lateral density distribution from distances of a few meters to several kilometers from the shower axis. Also, the η parameter is expected to be primary mass sensitive. (authors)

[en] The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the temporal and spatial structure of the shower front at KASKADE-Grande distances. For such a purpose, temporal observables (global arrival times of particles) and lateral particle densities in the shower front have been analyzed. The analysis concentrated only on simulated events. The analysis concentrated exclusively on the data contained in 150 simulated showers, 50 showers for each kind of the following primary particles: p, C and Fe. The showers were simulated for the same energy of the primary particle (10¹⁶ eV) and for the same angle of incidence theta = 0 (vertical showers). Also the study has been performed for different components of the shower front: muonic, electronic, electromagnetic and hadronic. The results show that the arrival time distributions are different for the same EAS component at different threshold energies. As the scattering cross section decreases with energy, higher energy particles will be less scattered so will take a shorter time to reach detector level, thus inducing an overall decrease of arrival time. Also the cuartile times that have been calculated proved to be primary mass sensitive. The second stage of the study focused on the analysis of the lateral structure of the shower front. The lateral density of the added muon - electron components was fitted with a modified NKG formula containing two parameters (a and h) of which one also proved to be primary mass sensitive. A future step of the study will be to consider the interaction between shower front and detectors in order to obtain a much realistic estimate of the KASCADE Grande array response. (authors)

[en] A fesibility study to explore the capability of the WILLI detector to observe the solar events/activity by recording the muon intensity at ground level is presented.The WILLI detector, set up in National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, is a 1 m² incident area sampling calorimeter. It can measure simultaneously muon events with the muon energy ≥0.4 GeV and, if the muons are stopped in the detector, and muon energy between 0.4< E_μ<0.6 GeV, if the muons pass the minimum of 2 plates of the detector stack.Taking into account muon events with energy ≥0.4 GeV, a modulation of the muon intensity as a diurnal variation is observed. Muon events for a smaller energy range (0.4-0.6 GeV) seem to exhibit an aperiodic variation of the muon intensity, which could be correlated with magnetic activity indicated by the planetary K_p index.