[en] Prediction of potential radionuclide exposure and the resulting health risk to individuals working on the site of a mining operation as well as to off-site individuals located down-wind or down-stream of such an operation, is facilitated by applying well-defined models and well-documented computer codes. Such methodologies and codes may have the advanages of being previously verified and applied, of having readily available data bases, of having supporting codes that may be used to prepare data sets or graph predictions, and of generating hard copy summaries containing intermediate calculations and the results of simulations. Several methodologies and codes developed for application to shallow-land disposal of radioactive wastes are of particular interest. One such methodology and code, PRESTO-II (Prediction of Radiation Effects from Shallow Trench Operations) is designed to evaluate possible doses and risks (health effects) from shallow-land disposal operations. This code, its supporting codes and data bases are discussed, together with several applications. 16 refs., 2 tabs

[en] Today principal sources of radioactive wastes are hospitals, research institutions, biological research centers, universities, industries and two research reactors in Turkey. These wastes will be treated in a pilot waste treatment facility located in Cekmece Nuclear Research and Training Center, Istanbul. In this temporary waste disposal facility, the wastes will be stored in 200 liter concrete containers until the establishment of the permanent waste disposal sites in Turkey, in 1990. The PRESTO - II (Prediction of Radiation Effects From Shallow Trench Operations) computer code was applied for the general probable sites for LLW disposal in Turkey. The model is non-site specific screening model for assessing radionuclide transport, ensuring exposure, and health impacts to a static local population for a chosen time period, following the end of the disposal operation. The methodology that this codes takes into consideration is versatile and explicitly considers infiltration and percolation of surface water into the trench, leaching of radionuclides, vertical and horizontal transport of radionuclides and use of this contaminated ground water for farming, irrigation, and ingestion

[en] The PRESTO-II (Prediction of Radiation Effects from Shallow Trench Operations) computer code has been applied for the following sites; Koteyli, Balikesir and Kozakli, Nevsehir in Turkey. This site selection was based partially on the need to consider a variety of hydrologic and climatic situations, and partially on the availability of data. The results obtained for the operational low-level waste disposal site at Barnwell, South Carolina, are presented for comparison. 6 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab

[en] PRESTO-II (Prediction of Radiation Effects from Shallow Trench Operations) is a computer code designed to evaluate possible doses and risks (health effects) from shallow-land burial sites. The model is intended to serve as a non-site-specific screening model for assessing radionuclide transport, ensuing exposure, and health impacts to a static local population for a 1000-year period following the end of disposal operations. Human exposure scenarios include normal releases (including leaching and operational spillage), human intrusion, and limited site farming or reclamation. Pathways and processes of transport from the trench to an individual or population include ground-water transport, overland flow, erosion, surface water dilution, suspension, atmospheric transport and deposition, inhalation, external exposure, and ingestion of contaminated beef, milk, crops, and water. The proposed waste disposal area in Koteyli, Balikesir, Turkey, has been evaluated using the PRESTO-II methodology. The results have been compared to those obtained for the Barnwell, South Carolina, site. Dose estimates for both sites are below regulatory limits, for the release and exposure scenarios considered. The doses for the sites are comparable, with slightly higher estimates obtained for the Turkish site. 7 refs., 1 tab

[en] Cigaratte is known to be hazardous to health due to nicotine and tar it contains.This is indicated on cigaratte packets by health warnings.However there is less known hazard of smoking due to intake of radioactive compounds by inhalation. This study dwells upon the radioactive hazard of smoking

No abstract available

[en] The recycle and reuse of materials have been increasing during recent years, particularly because of recognition of the economic opportunities presented, but also because of an increased societal awareness of the desirability of conserving raw materials and natural resources. Lost, stolen and abandoned sources appearing in recycled metals constitute a world wide problem. Radioactive sources sometimes incorporate into scrap metal for subsequent recycling. Most of these incidents have resulted in significant levels of radioactive contamination with the attendant risks to employees and the general public. During the past decade there have been numerous accidents where these shielded sources have been accidentally mixed with scrap metal, and have been subsequently melted or ruptured particularly in steel making process. For controlling of incoming trucks and trains in case the presence of radioactive sources hidden in the scrap, there is a need to establish a radiation detecting system. In Turkey in addition to pocket sized or hand held radiation monitors, fixed or mobile panel detection systems will also be used in the detection of illicit trafficking of radiation sources and contaminated scrap material. But besides this activity; training courses have been carried out to improve the knowledge and skills of workers and the customs officers dealing with radiation sources and scrap materials

[en] In Turkey, Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEA) is the main responsible and national competent authority for all nuclear and radiological activities. The Radiation Health and Safety Department of TAEA is the regulatory body concerning the use, exportation, importation, storage, transportation, transferring and licensing of radiation sources or equipments and also implementation of the provision of the regulations dealing with the above-mentioned matters. The regulatory structure of TAEA, legal instruments for radiation protection, legislation, radiation source and waste management, inspection, training program on the safe uses of radiation sources will be discussed in this paper

[en] In recent years, the number of incidents with orphan sources has been constantly increasing, with sources being found not only at customs border controls but also frequently in scrap and in other unexpected locations, thereby giving rise to growing social concern in view of the risks involved. The paper summarizes all phases in the management of orphan sources from detection to storage. (author)

[en] In Turkey, the national competent authority for regulating activities involving radioactive sources is the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, which implements the responsibility for the safety and security of radiation sources through its Radiation Health and Safety Department. The report describes the organization of the regulatory infrastructure for radiation safety in Turkey and, after a brief explanation of the current legal framework for such purpose, it refers to how the management of radiation sources is carried out and to the new provisions regarding radiation sources, including inspections of licensees and training on source safety. Finally, the report provides information on the Ikitelli radiological accident in Turkey and the current public concern about radiation sources after it happened. (author)