[en] Flavour oscillations of neutrinos are a quantum-mechanical effect widely demonstrated. It is explained through interferences of their mass eigenstates, therefore, belonging to the physical area beyond the Standard Model. This work deals with the CIEMAT collaboration in the neutrino experiment Double Chooz. Such an experiment aims to measure the mixture angle θ₁3, one of the PMNS leptonic mixture matrix, with a un reached-before sensibility by decrease of systematic errors. For this, two identical scintillator detectors, equipped with PMT's, will be sited at different distances from two reactors located in the nuclear power plant CHOOZ B (France). The electronic neutrino flux from these reactors will be compared, explaining its deficit by flavour oscillations of these particles. The identity of both detectors will be diminished by the magnetic field effects on the PMT's response. Therefore, this study serves as for quantifying such an effects as for fitting the magnetic shields design that minimize them. Shielding measurements and final design of magnetic shields as much as the effect these ones cause in the PMT's response immersed in a monitored magnetic field are presented. (Author) 85 refs

[en] The purpose of this paper is to show the improvements obtained through the application of IoT in a company of the metal-mechanical sector. esign/methodology/approach: The methodology used has been the collection of data before and after the application of the IoT in the process to manufacture tool-machines. Findings: Improvements obtained in some aspects of the process are very high (above 30%), making it a process that is more efficient allowing reduce costs. Research limitations/implications: Some aspects or details are difficult to quantify because there are no measurable parameters. Practical implications: Technological advances and new technologies applied to the industry, allows significant improvements in production. Social implications: Improvements obtained in the process can improve the conditions of workers. Originality/value: Originality of the paper is very high, because there are no publications of study or practical cases in the sector, due to the confidentiality and competitiveness of the sector.

[en] The increase in social awareness, politics and environmental regulation, the scarcity of raw materials and the desired “green” image, are some of the reasons that lead companies to decide for implement processes of Reverse Logistics (RL). At the time when incorporate new RL processes as key business processes, new and important decisions need to be made. Identification and knowledge of these decisions, including the information available and the implications for the company or supply chain, will be fundamental for decision-makers to achieve the best results. In the present work, the main types of RL decisions are identified. Design/methodology/approach: This paper is based on the analysis of mathematical models designed as tools to aid decision making in the field of RL. Once the types of interest work to be analyzed are defined, those studies that really deal about the object of study are searched and analyzed. The decisión variables that are taken at work are identified and grouped according to the type of decision and, finally, are showed the main types of decisions used in mathematical models developed in the field of RL.The principal conclusion of the research is that the most commonly addressed decisions with mathematical models in the field of RL are those related to the network’s configuration, followed by tactical/operative decisions such as the selections of product’s treatments to realize and the policy of returns or prices, among other decisions. Originality/value: The identification of the main decisions types of the reverse logistics will allow the managers of these processes to know and understand them better, while offer an integrated vision of them, favoring the achievement of better results.

[en] Instead of using the well known diagrams in order to estimate the longwave radiation downward flux, we have obtained some functions which calculate it easier and quicker. Those analytical expressions, using aerological sounding data, let compute the fluxes at any atmospheric layer depending on the emissivity of the layer. The formulas obtained, can only be used considering the water vapor and the dioxide of carbon absorptions. (Author)

[en] To enhance the water reuse from a Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Region de Murcia, a development and validation centre of different technologies for water disinfection and micropollutants removal has been created. So, the aim of WATERDIS is to bring together the different technologies validation in a single location. The range of validated technologies contemplates both innovative technologies developed in the framework of R&D projects, and commercial technologies (but innovative due to the technological proposal). Therefore, the project aims to validate technologies in order to obtain the best results to removal pollutants and emerging pollutants. Different disinfection technologies based on electric fields, Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP), electro-ozonization, photocatalysis with supported titanium dioxide, photocatalysis in suspension with titanium dioxide, etc. have been validated. The validated ozone disinfection technology and new acid hypochlorous generation equipment have been selected to show the results in this abstract. Ozone can be used to control the filamentous microorganisms proliferation, to reducesludge production and, at the same time, to improve the activated sludge process. In addition, ozone is often used in tertiary treatment for the emerging pollutants removal. Gemifibrozil has benn selected as a pollutant to study and, after treatment with ozone, a 100 % removal has beenobtained. The hypochlorous acid disinfection system differs from conventional electrolytic systems by its semi-permeable membrane and by the anode and cathode metals. Through the Escherichia Coli analysis, it has been possible to see how the reduction of up to 4 logarithmic units occurs, allowing comply with the discharge limits. Not all the studied technologies are viable from technical and economic point of view. In particular, ozone is effective in the emerging pollutants removal from disinfection. Ozone also reacts rapidly with organic and inorganic pollutants due to its redox potencial and reactivity. Another advantage of ozone is that, generally, it does not produce more toxic compounds than those that are eliminated. The combined membrane and electrolysis system allows the production of two solutions: a highly oxidant disinfectant and a detergent with coagulating and flocculating properties. With this technology is possible to regulate the pH and redox potential.

[en] Drinking Water Treatments Plants (DWTP) provide safe, high quality drinking water through different unit processes. Designed to comply with legislation requirements, they have to deal with an increasingly changing environment, water qualities, process automation, higher quality standards or new treatments, among others.

[en] Many of the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) based on the use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and ultraviolet (UV) technology aim to generate hydroxyl radicals (OH- ). These radicals generated by the action of the TiO2in water molecules are responsible of the disinfection effect. The main objective of MAGNOX was to develop a new process applied to photooxidative disinfection and detoxification of wastewater. This process was based on a UV reactor, which acts in conjunction with the innovative TiO2 microparticles formed by TiO2 and magnetic materials. The system proposed was able to improve the conventional tertiary treatments, disinfection and removal of priority substances. In addition, it was studied the required characteristics of the microparticles, as well as a system of magnetic trapping. Moreover, it was determined the exposure time and UV lamps power that maximize disinfection and removal of priority substances. The photocatalytic activity of the microparticles was determined by studying the oxidation kinetics of an aqueous solution with Rhodamine B (RB). The test was performed following the variation of the RB concentration in contact with the photocatalyst by exposing it to UV radiation. The variables studied in the experiments were the intensity of UV radiation, the charge of photocatalyst and the RB concentration. Additional tests were performed without addition of microparticles to evaluate the photolytic degradation of RB and compare both photolysis andphotocatalysis. Different magnetic microparticles were synthesized. Its photocatalytic activity was studied to determine the degradation of RB at different concentrations. The best microparticles were obtained with double atomization. During the study the optimum operating conditions were identified. Results showed thatRB degradation achieved with Magnox N12 particles (10g/L) was 94% after 90 min of reaction. Measurements of photocatalytic activity indicated important differences between photolysis and photocatalysis with TiO2. By increasing the concentration of photocatalyst, the kinetic rate of RB degradation increased considerably. From the point of view of the industrial scale-up, the industrial process of microparticles manufacturing could be scalable, since some industrial ceramic processes have implemented the atomization process in their facilities. The microparticle entrapment system using magnetic fields prevents the loss of the microparticles.

[en] In this article we characterize the radiative environment at the landing sites of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) and Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) missions. We use opacity values obtained at the surface from direct imaging of the Sun and our radiative transfer model COMIMART to analyze the seasonal and interannual variability of the daily irradiation at the MER and MSL landing sites. In addition, we analyze the behavior of the direct and diffuse components of the solar radiation at these landing sites. (Author)

[en] From the daily iron-aerosol concentrations we have elaborated a prediction-model, using the Kalman-filter. The model has been identified using the Box-Jenkins-techniques. The parameters estimation has been done sequentially. The model is simple and it gives very satisfactory results. (author) 15 refs

[en] The aim of this paper is to analyze spatiotemporal distribution of maximum temperatures in the Iberian Peninsula (IP) by using various extreme maximum temperature indices. Thresholds for determining temperature extreme event (TEE) severity are defined using 99th percentiles of daily temperature time series for the period 1948 to 2009. The synoptic-scale fields of such events were analyzed in order to better understand the related atmospheric processes. The results indicate that the regions with a higher risk of maximum temperatures are located in the river valleys of southwest and northeast of the IP, while the Cantabrian coast and mountain ranges are characterized by lower risk. The TEEs were classified, by means of several synoptic fields (sea level pressure, temperature, and geopotential height at 850 and 500 hPa), in four clusters that largely explain their spatiotemporal distribution on the IP. The results of this study show that TEEs mainly occur associated with a ridge elongated from Subtropical areas. The relationships of TEEs with teleconnection patterns, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO), and Mediterranean Oscillation (MO), showed that the interannual variability of extreme maximum temperatures is largely controlled by the dominant phase of WeMO in all seasons except wintertime where NAO is prevailing. Results related to MO pattern show less relevance in the maximum temperatures variability. The correct identification of synoptic patterns linked with the most extreme temperature event associated with each cluster will assist the prediction of events that can pose a natural hazard, thereby providing useful information for decision making and warning systems.