[en] Thermodynamic functions (ΔG_f and ΔH_f) of clorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (Cl_nDD) with n = 0–8 were calculated at the DFT level of theory using the B3LYP functional and extended 6–31** basis sets and used to analyze possible relationship of the structures and energy characteristics of these compounds with their toxicity. A new sequence of successive isodesmic reactions, which makes it possible to calculate chemical potentials μ_G and μ_H from the ΔG_f and ΔH_f values, has been proposed. In the framework of this approach, satisfactory linear correlations between the chemical potentials μ and the logarithms of toxicity of the corresponding polychlorodioxins were obtained for the first time.

[en] Fluxes of cosmic-ray muons were estimated over the energy range extending up to 10¹⁰ GeV. Data on the production of pions; kaons; η, η′, ρ, ω, and φ mesons; charmed particles; and J/ψ mesons from accelerator experiments devoted to studying interactions between nucleons and nuclei of air atoms up to nucleon energies of about 2 × 10⁴ GeV were used in respective calculations. At higher energies, use was made of the results obtained by calculating cross sections for the production of charmed particles and J/ψ mesons on the basis of QCD models. It is shown that, in interpreting experimental data on extensive air showers, the production of both charmed particles and J/ψ mesons in the Earth’s atmosphere must be taken into account.

[en] The problem of the relationship between the numbers of positively and negatively charged particles in the flux of cosmic-ray muons arriving at sea level with energies in excess of 0.1 TeV (up to 100 TeV) is discussed. It is shown that the formation of quark-gluon matter as the result of high-energy nuclear interactions leads to a reduction of the positive excess in cosmic-ray muons at the above energies. At the present time, the quark-gluon state of matter is studied in accelerator experiments at colliding-particle energies of up to √s = 200 GeV per nucleon. Estimates presented in this article for the positive excess of muons having energies of up to 3 or 4 TeV are based on available data from accelerator experiments; at higher muon energies, the respective estimates are based on extrapolating these data.

[en] The paper presents the results of numerical simulation of electromagnetic-acoustic transformation using Jiles-Atherton magnetic hysteresis on the example of excitation and reception of a transverse wave through the thickness of the reference block CO-2 based on the W-shaped magnetic core and inductor in the form of a meander coil with in-phased conductors. Distributions and graphs of time dependence for the magnetic field, the field of eddy currents and the field of elastic deformations are given in comparison with the classical modeling approaches. Satisfactory convergence of the simulation results with experimental data was established by the example of the signal received by the inductor, the distribution of the normal component of the magnetic flux density in the gap of inductor positioning and the calculated double transformation coefficient. (paper)

[en] The results of the calculations of temperature coefficients for integral cosmic ray muon fluxes coming to the sea level (vertical and horizontal) with energies 10², 10⁴ and 3×10⁶ GeV are given. The calculations are made according to current data on production of pions, kaons and charmed particles obtained during studying proton-nucleus interaction at modern accelerators.

[en] Predictions on the positive excess based on data from cosmic ray experiments, data from accelerators and on ideas in the frames of modern theoretical QCD models are given up to 10⁵ GeV. An estimation of the accuracy of these calculations is better than 3% for a wide energy interval

[en] We present the investigation of the Correlation and Temperature Coefficients as a function of the altitude of the temperature measurements. The flux of high-energy muons (threshold energy 220 GeV) as a function of atmospheric temperature is measured using data from the Baksan Underground Scintillation Telescope (BUST). The minima of the Correlation and Temperature Coefficients as a function of the altitude correspond to atmosphere tropopause and maxima are related to troposphere and stratosphere. The magnitude of temperature variation corresponding to minimum is approximately a half of the magnitude corresponding to maxima. The values of the Correlation and Temperature Coefficients around of the minimum are approximately a half of the corresponding values around of the maxima. The approximate coincidence of the minimum and maxima in the Correlation and the Temperature coefficients leads to the conclusion that this is due to not the magnitude, but rather to the temporal behaviour of the temperature in the respective regions of the atmosphere.