[en] In France, the National Low-Carbon Strategy (SNBC) defines a path for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The effort to reduce emissions will be based mainly on mobility, which is the main greenhouse gas emitter in France, thanks to a low-carbon electric power mix. In 2050, the objective is to achieve carbon neutrality in the transport sector. This transition is based on changes in modes of transport and the deployment of new technologies that reduce CO₂ emissions over their life cycle. This report studies these technologies, their material impacts and the associated vulnerabilities and opportunities

[en] Within the framework of the action 5 of the roadmap for circular economy, this report addresses needs in mineral resources mobilised by chosen technologies, and aims at providing comparative elements between mature technologies or technologies which may become mature within ten years regarding needed mineral resources and associated stakes, and industrial opportunities for French companies over the whole chain value, for four technological families (thermal solar, heat pumps, biomass, geothermal). It presents types of electric machines, and wind energy operation principles, technologies and components, and sectors (onshore, floating and grounded offshore). It discusses the wind energy market, projections in terms of material needs, and the electric vehicle market and its associated projection in terms of needs in rare earths and copper. It analyses vulnerabilities all along the chain value of permanent magnets in the case of wind energy (overview of rare earths, environmental and social impacts of their exploitation). It proposes an overview of industrial opportunities for different fields: the rare earth chain and the recycling of permanent magnets, wind energy in France, electric motors. It finally formulates recommendations about the security of supply in permanent magnets and rare earths, the limitation of industrial risks and the exploitation of wind energy growth opportunities, and the improvement of knowledge for the rare earth industry and the anticipation of training needs

[en] Within the framework of a roadmap for circular economy, this report for the programming of mineral resources of low-carbon transition address four families of low-carbon technologies related to energy: photovoltaic, stationary storage and networks (including smart grids), low-carbon mobility, and wind energy. For each one, it aimed at identifying technological sectors which are mature or which could be mature within the ten years to come. It addresses needs in mobilised mineral resources and associated economic, geopolitical, environmental and social stakes, and also associated industrial opportunities for French companies along the whole value chain, from extraction to recycling. Thus, it addresses the value chains of the low-carbon transition, and their supply risks. Issues of public policies are discussed, and recommendations are formulated

[en] This publication proposes an assessment of variation ranges of the average complete cost of production of a MWh (also called Levelized Cost of Energy or LCOE) for renewable sectors producing electric power and/or heat, but also for sectors related to electricity storage and to bio-methane injection. For each sector, the main objective was to calculate LCOE variation ranges for an installation put into service in France in 2018, in 2030 or in 2050. For some sectors, the study also tracked LCOE evolutions between 2008 and 2018, and compared the LCOE in France in 2018 with that of some other countries (when data were available). Sectors are herein associated with the energy source: photovoltaic (residential, middle sized roofs, large roofs, ground-based plants), wind (onshore, offshore), hydroelectricity, domestic heat (wood, thermal solar, domestic heat pumps), collective industrial or agricultural heat (thermal solar, biomass, surface geothermal, deep geothermal, fatal heat recovery), biogas (co-generation, injection), and storage (batteries, hydrogen). After a synthesis of results, the report presents the adopted methodology, assessments of electric power production costs for the different sectors, assessments of heat domestic production costs, assessments of collective and industrial heat production costs, the case of biogas and of electricity storage, and an assessment of production costs of solar technologies in non interconnected areas