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[en] A joint International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)/World Energy Council (WEC) Working Group has been studying a range of policy instruments which are being used or considered for use to address the question of ever increasing energy demand versus environmental protection, and pollution reduction. Economic instruments for such environmental protection include direct regulation, market-based instruments, and voluntary approaches. No single policy or device was likely to suffice in addressing the diversity of environmental problems currently faced. Altering energy prices must be seen in a social context, but some direct regulation may also be inevitable. Generally economic instruments of change were preferred as these were viewed as more flexible and cost-effective. (UK)

[en] The decrease in SO₂ and NO_x emissions in the United Kingdom since 1950 resulting from a reduction in coal uses and conversion to gas heating is described. The use of gas to satisfy the increasing energy consumption expected in the Czech Republic till 2010, which corresponds to 3.2 million tons of oil equivalent, would bring about an 88 kt reduction in ash production by the power industry, and an air pollution reduction by 6 million tons of CO₂, 353 kt of SO₂, 25 kt of CO, 15 kt NO_x, and 1.6 kt of CH₄. In households, where energy use is estimated to 2 million tons of oil equivalent in 2010, the air pollution alleviation due to the replacement of lignite by gas is estimated to 5 million tons of CO₂, 307 kt of SO₂, 77 kt of particulate matter, 22 kt of CO, and 13 kt of NO_x. The RandD activities of British Gas plc in the field of quantification and characterization of relevant impacts and in the preparation of cost-effective solutions for the reduction of wastes are highlighted. (J.B.)

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[en] An autogenous free vascular bone graft of the canine distal ulna was evaluated. The vascularity of the graft was based on a musculoperiosteal sheath supplied solely by the caudal interosseous artery and vein. Four autogenous heterotopic (ulna to tibia) vascular transfers were performed. Two avascular transfers were performed to provide baseline criteria from which the success of vascularized transfers could be assessed. Clinical lameness evaluation, serial radiographs, bone scintigraphy, and sequential fluorochrome bone labeling were performed after surgery in both vascular and avascular transfers. All dogs were free of lameness in the donor limb by the 26th postoperative day. Serial radiographs revealed rapid graft incorporation and hypertrophy in all vascularized grafts and severe bone resorption in nonvascularized grafts. Histology, microangiography, and evaluation of fluorochrome bone labels were performed 90 days after surgery to determine graft viability, incorporation and temporal remodeling patterns. Microangiography and fluorochrome assessment complemented the histological findings. Based on these findings the distal ulnar bone graft was determined to be both viable and structurally adequate for selected cases of long bone reconstruction