[en] This biography has chapters dealing with early work on: X rays; radioactivity; decay products of uranium and thorium; alpha, beta and gamma rays; atomic models; X-ray spectra; artificial disintegration of atoms; nuclear structure; the neutron; Cockcroft-Walton experiments. Other work carried out by Rutherford or in his laboratory, as well as many aspects of international cooperation in the above fields, is also described. (U.K.)

[en] Growing awareness of the negative social, environmental and economic impacts caused by the production, distribution and end-use consumption of energy has led the search for alternatives to become increasingly urgent and complex. The need for analytical methods and tools for evaluating options and opportunities is particularly acute in rapidly developing countries. The aim of this article is to illustrate the broad range of issues and impacts that are important for evaluating and comparing energy-system alternatives in the context of sustainable development. The feasibility of producing and utilizing biomass-based ethanol as an alternative transportation fuel in Thailand is explored herein to provide examples and a forum for discussion of these issues. Scenarios describe the conditions under which a significant potential for fuel-switching to domestically-produced ethanol appears to exist. Harnessing this potential could lead to important improvements in the energy system's impacts on human health, Thailand's economy, and the environment. Achieving these improvements, however, would require comprehensive and long-term planning and support on the part of the Thai government

[en] This article describes 250, 280, and 350 eV drive temperature copper-doped Be [Be(Cu)] two-dimensional (2-D) capsule-hohlraum designs for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [Paisner , Laser Focus World 30, 75 (1994)]. These capsule-hohlraum designs are a follow-on to the previous one-dimensional capsule designs of Bradley and Wilson [Phys. Plasmas 6, 4293 (1999)]. It is shown that a 2-D 350 eV capsule-hohlraum design scaled from the successful 330 eV design does not ignite, mostly due to poor symmetry. In addition, the 350 eV capsule hohlraum design requires the full 500 TW of the NIF design and 1.66 MJ of the maximum 1.8 MJ designed energy output. It is possible to design a capsule-hohlraum combination that achieves ignition and burn with peak radiation temperatures of 250, 280, and 330 eV. These designs use from 1.3 to 1.6 MJ of laser energy and the successful designs have yields of 16--20 MJ. Changes in symmetry and yield due to changing the focal point of the inner and outer laser cones were examined. The 280 eV capsule can tolerate pointing changes of 40--100 μm before the yield drops by 50%, while even a 40 μm pointing change for the 250 eV capsule causes the yield to drop by a factor of 2 to 100

No abstract available

[en] Complexes of radionuclides with a compound of the formula (X-N(-Y)-CH₂-),(A-N(-B)-CH₂-)Perhydro-4,7-Methanoindene wherein substituents A, B, X and Y are each independently selected from radicals including hydrogen, hydroxyalkyl (wherein the alkyl group contains 2-6 carbon atoms) phosphonic, sulfonic, methylenephosphonic, methylene-, ethylene- and propylene-sulfonic, carboxylic acid radicals (having 2-4 carbon atoms) and the alkali or alkaline earth metal, ammonia and amine salts, thereof and wherein at least one A, B, X and Y is methylenephosphonic acid or a salt thereof. Tc-99m complexes have been found useful for imaging the skeletal structure of animals

[en] Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized solvothermally using oleylamine and oleic acid as surfactants, and the surface composition was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as a function of temperature, from the as-synthesized nanoparticles to those annealed under vacuum at 883K. XPS of the as-synthesized nanoparticles was consistent with a surface composition of stoichiometric Fe₃O₄ capped with a mixture of monodentate carboxylate and chemisorbed amine, although the surface was enriched in carboxylate over that present in the synthesis reaction concentration. The method of synthesis and capping surfactants effectively protect the nanoparticle surface from detectable hydroxylation. The capped nanoparticle is stable for 24 h at 373K, and the capping agents persist to 523K, at which point the oleylamine decomposes to desorb nitrogen and deposit aliphatic carbon from the capping tail. The carboxylate decomposes over a wider range and at 883K some carboxylate remains on the surface. The iron oxide nanoparticle undergoes substantial reduction as the aliphatic capping tail decomposes. While the as-introduced nanoparticle is essentially Fe₃O₄, reduction to FeO, Fe and Fe₃C occurs sequentially as the nanoparticle is heated to higher temperatures.

[en] This paper establishes protocols and evaluates the efficacy of dynamic enhanced MR imaging in the lungs using TurboFLASH. Fifty-one patients were imaged with 1.0-T and 1.5-T Siemens imagers. TurboFLASH images were obtained at one image per second using a TE of 3 msec and TR of 6 msec, following a bolus injection of gadolinium. Total imaging time was less than 1 minute. Prominent contrast enhancement was seen in seven of seven patients with a variety of primary and metastatic lung tumors. Postoperative changes and granulomas were not enhanced with contrast material. Respiratory and cardiac motion created no significant degradation of images. Although the results are preliminary, and there is some nonspecificity associated with this procedure, the early data are nevertheless encouraging. The authors have been able to study the lungs and pulmonary vascularity without motion degradation. Initial findings suggest that it may be possible to distinguish neoplasms from both granulomas and postoperative changes

[en] This paper discusses the plan for the long-term management of used nuclear fuel in Canada. The technical method involves isolation in deep geological repository with continuous monitoring and potential for retrievability.

[en] Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO ) was formed in 2002 as required by Nuclear Fuel Waste Act. It is funded by Canada's nuclear energy corporations and operates on a not-for-profit basis. Their mission is to develop and implement collaboratively with Canadians, a management approach for the long-term care of Canada's used nuclear fuel that is socially acceptable, technically sound, environmentally responsible, and economically feasible.

[en] By increasing production costs and reducing petroleum prices, President Bill Clinton's proposed energy tax would increase marginal well abandonments and hasten the decline of the US oil and gas industry. Instead, the US needs tax law changes to help counteract the increasing number of oil and gas well abandonments in the lower 48 states. The proposed tax would create potential difficulties, while three incentives could be introduced to reduce abandonments and at the same time preserve US government tax revenues that otherwise would be lost. Eliminating the net income limitation on percentage depletion allowances on wells that would otherwise be abandoned would be a great help for marginal well operators. Extended enhanced oil recovery (EOR) credits and broader investment tax credits could also serve the dual purpose of keeping marginal wells operating longer and generating more federal tax revenues. A marginal well investment tax credit should be provided that is not just a credit for incremented investments that exceed investment in prior years. An investment tax credit based on out-of-pocket costs of production, targeted for marginal wells, would be an important incentive to invest in, and continue to maintain, these properties. (author)