[en] Objective: To study the internal radiation dose in kidney and bladder for the renal dynamic radionuclide-imaging. Methods: A double compartment chain related to kidney-bladder excretion model was set out. The correlative mathematical expressions were educed to simulate the absorbed radionuclide medicament for renal dynamic imaging's transfer and excretion. The total disintegration amount in kidney, bladder and other organs was counted. Monte Carlo methods were used to calculate the radionuclide disintegration radial energy deposited in kidney and bladder, and their effective doses were calculated according to the radiation quality factor. Results: To take ¹³¹I-OIH and ⁹⁹Tc^m-DTPA imaging agents for example, the internal radiation dose in kidney was 0.058 mGy/MBq(for ¹³¹I-OIH) and 0.0054 mGy/MBq(for ⁹⁹Tc^m-DTPA), respectively, while the internal radiation dose in bladder is 0.40 mGy/MBq(for ¹³¹I-OIH) and 0.033 mGy/MBq(for ⁹⁹Tc^m. DTPA), respectively. Conclusions: The internal radiation doses in kidney and bladder are very low for renal dynamic radionuclide- imaging at the conventional dose. (authors)

[en] In diagnostic nuclear medicine, the used of radioactive drugs with ionizing radiation effect and may place nuclear medicine workers and patients at risk of infection in terms of health. In this review the global trends in diagnostic nuclear medicine modalities applied in medical procedure were introduced at first. And then the exposure dose of nuclear medicine workers and patients in different examination items were analyzed emphatically. The radiation protection status was evaluated based on the analysis. In recent years, the researches in nuclear medicine radiation protection showed that the annual effective dose of workers was less than yearly dose limit of occupational exposure. The effective dose was mainly from single photon radiopharmaceuticals labeled by ⁹⁹Tc^m for patients undergoing SPECT examinations. However for PET/CT examinations, the effective dose was mainly from CT procedure. It could significantly reduce the effective dose to the patients when the activity of radioactive drugs and CT acquisition conditions were selected appropriately. (authors)

[en] Prostate cancer has a high bone metastasis tendency. At the time of initial diagnosis, there is a high rate of bone metastasis. Early detection of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer has important significance for staging, treatment and prognosis of prostate cancer. Radionuclide bone imaging(SPECT) is a commonly used imaging examination method of bone metastases, which had a higher detection rate in early bone metastases. Combined with X-ray, CT, MRI and other ways can improve the accuracy of bone metastases. This review summarizes the research status of the imaging examination of bone metastasis of prostate cancer, which provides the imaging evidence for early diagnosis of bone metastases. (authors)

[en] Objective: To evaluate the effect of ¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP in treating patients with lung cancer and multiple bone metastases. Methods: A dose of 18.5-25.9 MBq/Kg ¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP was administered once a month to each patient through vein injection according to disease severity and body weight. 3 injections made up one therapy cycle. Results: Pain relieves were obtained in 65 patients, with an effective rate of 83.3%. Pain relief of grade I was observed in 19 patients (24.3%), grade II in 46 patients (59%) and grade III in 13 patients (16.7%), respectively. Lesions of bone metastases disappeared or shrunk in 9 patients, with a positive rate of 11.5%, which included 3 cases of grade I and 6 cases of grade II, respectively. Better effects were obtained in adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma than in small cell lung cancer. Conclusion: ¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP is safe and effective in treating patients with lung cancer and multiple bone metastases

[en] Objective: To estimate effective and organ doses to prostate cancer patients result ing from the whole-body ¹⁸F-Choline, ¹¹C-Choline and ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET-CT examinations. Methods: A total of 150 prostate cancer patients who underwent PET-CT scanning from May 2017 to June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into three groups, each with 50 patients, according to the type of positron radiopharmaceuticals injected. All patients used the same PET-CT scan protocol. PET component dose was calculated by using OLINDA/EXM (version 1.1) software which was based on the MIRD method. The CTDI values were measured by the standard CT phantoms and computed by ImPACT (version 1.0.4) CT, and ImPACT was used for dose calculation from CT. The tissue weighting factors according to ICRP Report 103 were used for effective dose calculation. Results: The effective dose and organ equivalent dose from ¹⁸F/¹¹C-Choline and ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT examinations were estimated. The voltage and current of Topogram scan were 120 kV and 35 mA, respectively, as well as 120 kV and (135.6 ± 9.4) mA for low-dose CT scan. The injected activity of ¹⁸F-Choline, ¹¹C-Choline and ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA was (279.2 ± 13.2), (350.2 ± 39.9) and (186.8 ± 19.4) MBq, respectively. The effective dose was (5.0 ± 0.2), (1.6 ± 0.2) and (3.0 ± 0.3) mSv, respectively (F = 837.0, P < 0.001). The CT effective dose was (11.4 ± 0.2) mSv. The total effective dose for three groups were (16.4 ± 0.3), (13.0 ± 0.3) and (14.4 ± 0.4) mSv, respectively. The mean organ equivalent doses were statistically significantly different among groups (F = 381.2-1637.7, P < 0.001). The highest organ equivalent dose was to kidney for ¹⁸F-Choline and ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT scans and thyroid for ¹¹C-Choline PET/CT scan. Conclusions: The effective dose to the prostate cancer patients who underwent PET-CT scanning was from 13.0 to 16.4 mSv, with vast majority of these doses coming from CT scans. The lowest radiation dose to the patients was caused by ¹¹C-Choline PET-CT examination, suggesting that it would be a potential prostate cancer PET radiotracer. (authors)

[en] Bone is one of the most favorite sites of malignant tumor metastasis, and bone metastasis usually correlates with the prognosis of disease, which leads to the important place of bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of bone metastasis. Bone scan is widely used in clinical work for its high sensitivity as well as its low cost, revealing bone metabolism and blood flow, and no limitation of metal implantation. Compared with plain bone scan, SPECT/CT bone tomography shows better orientation of lesion, and has higher detection rates and specificity. This article reviews the diagnostic value of malignant tumor bone metastasis. (authors)

[en] SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging is a noninvasive method of assessment of coronary heart disease (Myocardial Ischemia). As a new type of myocardial imaging agent, ⁹⁹Tc^m-tetrofosmin is easy to label with ^99mTc, background removed fast, effectively shorten the waiting time for examination, and better in diagnosis of myocardial ischemia/infarction, but is underestimate the activity of myocardial cells. ¹⁸F-FDG PET myocardial perfusion imaging is an effective method in evaluation of myocardial activity. Since the low penetration, high cost and a certain rate of failure in examination, it is not widely used. ⁹⁹Tc^m-HL91 is a hypoxia tissue imaging agent and can be combined with hypoxia tissue directly, obviously ingested by hypoxia myocardium, seldom ingested by normal myocardium and barely ingested by necrotic myocardium. SMI is a kind of performance in the development process of coronary heart disease, which is one of the most dangerous factors of coronary heart disease. Hypoxia imaging with ⁹⁹Tc^m-tetrofosmin and ⁹⁹Tc^m-HL91 in SMI patients play a positive role in the judgment of range of myocardial ischemia and myocardial activity, the choice of reasonable treatment plan, and the judgment of prognosis and reducing the financial burden for patients. (authors)

[en] Objective: To evaluate the clinical curative effect of zoledronic acid combined with ⁸⁹Sr for the treatment of prostate cancer patients with bone metastases. Methods: A total of 74 prostate cancer patients were randomly divided into three groups according to treatment, as follows: Group A (n = 25; median age, 66 years; age range, 46-87 years), zoledronic acid with ⁸⁹Sr; Group B (n = 25; median age, 65 years; age range, 43-89 years), zoledronic acid; and Group C (n = 24; median age, 66 years; age range, 47-85 years), ⁸⁹Sr. Groups B and C were the control groups. All patients were followed up for 6 months, during which the status of bone pain relief and improvement in the number of bone metastatic lesions were observed. Results: The three groups showed similar baseline characteristics. Total pain relief efficiency in group A was 88.0%, while those of the control groups were 72.0%(group B) and 79.2%(group C). Pain palliation of group A significantly differed from those of groups B and C (χ² = 8.959, P < 0.05). Regression of bone metastatic lesions in group A was 88.0%, while those of the control groups were 44.0%(group B) and 75.0%(group C). Significant difference was found between group A and the two control groups (χ² = 9.096, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Combined therapy of zoledronic acid and ⁸⁹Sr in prostate cancer patients with painful bone metastases was more effective in treating pain and improving the quality of life than separate administration of zoledronic acid or ⁸⁹Sr. (authors)

[en] Objective: To estimate the effective and organ dose of patients receiving the ¹⁸F-FDG (¹⁸F-2-deoxy-D-glucose) and ¹⁸F-FET (O-2-¹⁸F-fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine) PET-CT whole body examinations. Methods: Two PET-CT scanning protocols were used for whole body imaging. The effective and organ dose of PET part were calculated using the internal dose computer program IDAC 2.1 based on MIRD method. The effective and organ doses of CT part were calculated by Virtual-Dose software, and the sum of CT and PET dose was the total effective dose of patients. Results: In the conventional PETCT scan protocol, the effective dose was (4.81 ± 1.04) mSv for male and (6.09 ± 0.73) mSv for female patients from ¹⁸FFDG; the effective dose was (2.67 ± 0.38) mSv for male and (3.21 ± 0.38) mSv for female patients from ¹⁸F-FET; the effective dose was (5.63 ± 0.32) mSv for male and (5.51 ± 0.29) mSv for female patients from CT component. The total effective dose was (10.44 ± 1.09) mSv for male and (11.60 ± 0.79) mSv for female from ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT examination, respectively. Whereas it was (8.30 ± 0.50) mSv for male and (8.72 ± 0.49) mSv for female from ¹⁸F-FET PET-CT examination, respectively. In the diagnostic-quality CT scan protocol, the effective dose was (16.28 ± 1.01) mSv for male and (13.49 ± 0.72) mSv for female patients from CT component. The total effective dose was (21.09 ± 1.45) mSv for male and (19.58 ± 1.03) mSv for female patients from ¹⁸F-FDG, respectively. Whereas it was (18.95 ± 1.08) mSv for male and (16.70 ± 0.81) mSv female patients from ¹⁸F-FET. Conclusion: Different PET-CT scan parameters caused the patient to be exposed to different radiation doses. In the daily work, we should optimize the acquisitive parameters of PET and CT according to the actual situation of the examinee, and reduce the dose of examinee to practice the optimization of radiation protection. (authors)

[en] Breast cancer exhibits high risk to metastasize to bone. Skeletal-related events caused by bone metastases can significantly affect the quality of life and outcomes of patients with breast cancer. Therefore, such events play an important role in clinical staging and treatment protocols for early and accurate diagnosis of bone metastasis in breast cancer and for improving patient prognosis. The review summarizes the research status of imaging examination of bone metastasis in breast cancer and provides evidence for early diagnosis of bone metastasis. (authors)