[en] A preliminary discussion is made through the analysis of a vast amount of collected solar event data in terms of the diffusion-convection model in a uniform medium reflecting the average propagation condition in the interplanetary space. In view of the controversy over the problem whether the transverse transport is coronal propagation or interplanetary perpendicular diffusion, a reexamination of this problem becomes necessary. To avoid the controversy the rise-time tsub(m) to the maximum intensity of the solar protons as a function of the azimuth theta of the source flare relative to the magnetic line of force connecting the sun with the earth has been fitted to a polynomial by the least squares method. We are discussing the propagation along the magnetic line of force, so what we want to know is only the value of t₀ for the event on the connecting line of force which is decided by the longitudinal diffusion and is free from the model assumed for the transverse transport

[en] Objective: To discuss the angiographic features of hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN), and to analyze the survival time of patients. Methods: The clinical data of 60 patients with hepatic NEN were retrospectively reviewed. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), used as main therapy,was employed in 17 patients, 22 patients received palliative treatment with no use of TACE, and 21 didn't receive any related treatment. The angiographic features of hepatic NEN were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival rate, and the survival prognostic factors were evaluated by Cox multivariate analysis method. Results: Angiography showed that most neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) were characterized by hypovascular lesion, while neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) were manifested as hypervascular mass. The median overall survival time of 60 patients was 13.8 months. The 6-month, one-, 2- and 3-year cumulative survival rates were 85.0%, 52.0%, 40.0% and 33.8%, respectively. Cox regression analysis indicated that pathological grade of tumor (P = 0.001) and treatment mode (P < 0.001) were the independent prognostic factors. Conclusion: The rich or poor vascularity of hepatic NEN is helpful for the judgment of tumor grading. Patients whose hepatic NENs belong to high pathological grade (grade III) usually have a poor prognosis. TACE is an effective therapy for hepatic Nene. (authors)

[en] Sm³⁺-doped SrSnO₃ (SrSnO₃:Sm³⁺) nanopowders were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method and followed by a heat treatment process. The as-synthesized nanopowders were assembled in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) to investigate their photoelectric properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) confirmed the formation of SrSnO₃:Sm³⁺ nanopowders with perovskite structure. The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra and photoluminescence spectra indicate a down-conversion from ultraviolet light to visible light which matches the strong absorption region of the N719 dye. The DSSC based on SrSnO₃:Sm³⁺ photo-anode improved its photoelectric conversion efficiency (η) via the down-conversion of doped Sm³⁺. Under the irradiation of the simulated sunlight with 100 mW/cm², the DSSC based on SrSnO₃ doping with Sm³⁺ of 0.6 wt% showed the highest η of 1.54%, which improved 71.11% compared with the DSSC based on pure SrSnO₃. .

[en] Graphical abstract: The schematic diagram of visible light driven photocatalytic reaction happened on the surface of Co-doped ZTO nanoparticles. - Highlights: • Co-doped Zn₂SnO₄ nanoparticles were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. • The effect of Co doping content on photocatalytic activity of Zn₂SnO₄ were investigated. • The maximum degradation rate of RhB was 93% when Co doping content was 2 mol%. • A possible mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of RhB was proposed. - Abstract: Various molar concentrations of Co-doped Zn₂SnO₄ nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by XRD, XPS, FESEM, TEM, UV–Vis and PL. The result of XPS revealed that the Co dopant displayed a chemical state of Co²⁺ in Zn₂SnO₄ lattice. UV–Vis results revealed that the absorption edge of samples shifted towards visible light region gradually with the increase of Co doping content. The PL intensity weakened significantly for the Co-doped Zn₂SnO₄, which indicates that the recombination of photo-generated electrons and holes was suppressed strongly. The photocatalytic activity of Zn₂SnO₄ was observed by photodegradation of RhB under visible light irradiation. The influences of Co doping content on photocatalytic activity of Zn₂SnO₄ were investigated. The experiment results indicated that the maximum degradation rate of RhB was 93% in 120 min when Co²⁺ molar concentration was 2 mol%. Furthermore, a possible mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of RhB was discussed.