[en] Full text: Liquid waste is generated throughout the lifetime of any nuclear installations. To ensure minimal environmental impact, liquid waste management typically involves treatment steps where the volume of the radioactive waste is reduced, the physicochemical reactivity is stabilised, and the migration boundary is established. Initiatives of a new nuclear liquid waste treatment installation can originate from nuclear new build, from renewal of aged facilities, from new treatment needs (e.g., when shifting towards decommissioning stage), and from technical upgrade for a safer and more cost-efficient process. Fortum Power and Heat Oy (Fortum) is the license holder of Loviisa nuclear power plant (VVER-440, Finland), where the liquid waste treatment system renewal is currently underway. In addition to being an operator and license holder, Fortum is an active service provider that design and implements liquid waste treatment projects internationally. In this presentation, we share several key lessons learned from our recently completed and ongoing projects with a deep understanding across the system delivery boundary. A feasibility study based on strategy is an entry point for any design and implementation project. However, the focus of the feasibility study tends to be centred around finding a viable technical solution. Lesson learned 1 is that the emphases of the feasibility study shall be put on defining project lifecycles and boundary conditions, cost impact analysis which includes final disposal cost consequences, and technical feasibility with a wider range of solutions. When entering into the design and implementation phase, lesson learned 2 is that sufficient amount of resources are recommended to be reserved for piloting and design modifications. As the needs and boundary conditions are highly site-specific, optimising even a turn-key treatment solution might bring significant benefits. Open, customer-centric communications and project management is the 3 lessons learned, especially between the license holder organisation and the service provider organisation. Challenges are tackled together when the license holder’s needs are concretely understood, and overall waste routes taken into consideration in an early stage. The last lessons learned (4) is that owner organisations are recommended to implement a holistic fleet level approach and to consider the deployment of mobile systems used in multiple sites over a longer period of time.

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[en] A serious radiation accident happened an a ⁶⁰Co irradiation facility in Shanghai. 7 workers were uniformly exposed acutely. An investigation was done after the accident and a conclusion was achieved that the irregular operation was the direct reason for the accident. The operation of these workers did not comply with the requirements specified in the national standards--<< Standards for radiation protection and safety for ⁶⁰ irradiation facility>> which demands that the examination should be done every day before operation, and the irradiation facility does not stop running when the auto-lock safety system on that facility has been removed. Some lessons should be drawn from the accident: popularizing the culture of safety, enhancing the law of safety, and ensuring the operation of radiation devices within the demands of safety

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[en] Objective: To research the spatial distribution of personal absorbed dose (Dp(10)) about instant neutrons and γ-radiations at different ranges in the explosive field of neutron bomb. Methods: based on the analysis to the construction and the explosive principle of neutron bombs, a model for calculation was built, and Monte Carlo method was used. Results: Some features about personal absorbed dose (Dp(10)) of instant neutrons and γ-radiations at different ranges in space were observed. Conclusion: The authors hold that the strong γ-radiations would accompany the high-energy neutron radiation in the explosive field of neutron bombs. Meanwhile, the authors evaluated the killing effect of the instant radiation from a 1 kt neutron bomb

[en] 'Dirty bomb', one of the three nuclear and radiological terrorism attack events, is a kind of weapon using conventional explosive to disperse radioactive materials, which leads to harmful and serious environmental contamination with α, β, γ rays and neutron having high radioactivity activity. This paper mainly introduces the characteristics and hazards, and puts forward some recommendations to counter RDD based on current international and national situations in nuclear and radiological terrorisms. (authors)

[en] Objective: To study the energy deposition micro-specialty of ions in body-tissue or tissue equivalent material (TEM). Methods: The water vapor was determined as the tissue equivalent material, based on the analysis to the body-tissue, and Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the behavior of proton in the tissue equivalent material. Some features of the energy deposition micro-specialty of ion in tissue equivalent material were obtained through the analysis to the data from calculation. Results: The ion will give the energy by the way of excitation and ionization in material, then the secondary electrons will be generated in the progress of ionization, these electron will finished ions energy deposition progress. When ions deposited their energy, large amount energy will be in the core of tracks, and secondary electrons will devote its' energy around ion track, the ion dose distribution is then formed in TEM. Conclusions: To know biological effects of radiation , the research to dose distribution of ions is of importance(significance). (authors)

[en] Considering the natural climate and all sorts of soil in our country, a typical air-soil medium model are established and the typical A-bomb explosion source spectrum data are used. The authors gained the results of neutron energy-angle joint distribution to neutrons in nuclear explosion space through calculation with Monte-Carlo method, then the results are analyzed, and some conclusions are obtained

[en] Nowadays, many work have been done on the measurement and calculation of the space and energy distribution of neutron from H-bomb explosion. However, the established air and soil medium models are rough in the study of theoretical calculation before. The author established three air-soil mediums, and chose explosion height and space radial distance which have military meaning. The results of space and energy distribution of neutron personal absorbed dose from H-bomb are obtained through calculation. Many conclusion on radiation protection and nuclear monitoring have made