[en] Quantitative constraints on the wind clumping of massive stars can be obtained from the study of the hard X-ray variability of SFXTs. In these systems, a large fraction of the hard X-ray emission is emitted in the form of flares with typical duration of 3 ksec, frequency of 7 days and luminosity of 10³⁶ ergs/s. Such flares are most probably emitted by the interaction of a compact object orbiting at ∼10 R_* with wind clumps (10^22-23 g). The density ratio between the clumps and the inter-clump medium is 10^2-4. The parameters of the clumps and of the inter-clump medium are in good agreement with macro-clumping scenario and line-driven instability simulations

[en] We aim at characterizing the structure of the gas and dust around the high-mass X-ray binary GX 301-2, a highly obscured X-ray binary hosting a hypergiant (HG) star and a neutron star, in order to better constrain its evolution. We used Herschel PACS to observe GX 301-2 in the far infrared and completed the spectral energy distribution of the source using published data or catalogs from the optical to the radio range (0.4 to 4 × 10⁴ μm). GX 301-2 is detected for the first time at 70 and 100 μm. We fitted different models of circumstellar (CS) environments to the data. All tested models are statistically acceptable, and consistent with an HG star at ∼3 kpc. We found that the addition of a free-free emission component from the strong stellar wind is required and could dominate the far-infrared flux. Through comparisons with similar systems and discussion on the estimated model parameters, we favor a disk-like CS environment of ∼8 AU that would enshroud the binary system. The temperature goes down to ∼200 K at the edge of the disk, allowing for dust formation. This disk is probably a rimmed viscous disk with an inner rim at the temperature of the dust sublimation temperature (∼1500 K). The similarities between the HG GX 301-2, B[e] supergiants, and the highly obscured X-ray binaries (particularly IGR J16318-4848) are strengthened. GX 301-2 might represent a transition stage in the evolution of massive stars in binary systems, connecting supergiant B[e] systems to luminous blue variables

[en] Aims. The study of the observational properties of uncommonly long bursts from low luminosity sources is important when investigating the transition from a hydrogen - rich bursting regime to a pure helium regime and from helium burning to carbon burning as predicted by current burst theories. On a few occasions X-ray bursts have been observed with extended decay times up to several tens of minutes, intermediate between usual type I X-ray bursts and so-called super-bursts. Methods. IGR J17254-3257 is a recently discovered X-ray burster of which only two bursts have been recorded: an ordinary short type I X-ray burst, and a 15 min long burst. The properties of the X-ray bursts observed from IGR J17254-3257 are investigated. The broad-band spectrum of the persistent emission in the 0.3-100 keV energy band is studied using contemporaneous INTEGRAL and XMM-Newton data. Results. A refined position of IGR J17254-3257 is given and an upper limit to its distance is estimated to about 14.5 kpc. The persistent bolometric flux of 1.1 * 10^-10 erg cm^-2 s^-1 corresponds, at the canonical distance of 8 kpc, to L(pers) ≅ 8.4 * 10³⁵ erg s^-1 between 0.1-100 keV, which translates to a mean accretion rate of about 7 * 10^-11 M-(circle dot) yr^-1. Conclusions. The low X-ray persistent luminosity of IGR J17254-3257 seems to indicate the source may be in a state of low accretion rate usually associated with a hard spectrum in the X-ray range. The nuclear burning regime may be intermediate between pure He and mixed H/He burning. The long burst is the result of the accumulation of a thick He layer, while the short one is a pre-maturate H-triggered He burning burst at a slightly lower accretion rate. (authors)

[en] The nebula powered by the Vela pulsar is one of the best examples of an evolved pulsar wind nebula, allowing access to the particle injection history and the interaction with the supernova ejecta. We report on the INTEGRAL discovery of extended emission above 18 keV from the Vela nebula. The northern side has no known counterparts and it appears larger and more significant than the southern one, which is in turn partially coincident with the cocoon, the soft X-ray, and TeV filament toward the center of the remnant. We also present the spectrum of the Vela nebula in the 18-400 keV energy range as measured by IBIS/ISGRI and SPI on board the INTEGRAL satellite. The apparent discrepancy between IBIS/ISGRI, SPI, and previous measurements is understood in terms of the point-spread function, supporting the hypothesis of a nebula more diffuse than previously thought. A break at ∼25 keV is found in the spectrum within 6' from the pulsar after including the Suzaku XIS data. Interpreted as a cooling break, this points out that the inner nebula is composed of electrons injected in the last ∼2000 years. Broadband modeling also implies a magnetic field higher than 10 μG in this region. Finally, we discuss the nature of the northern emission, which might be due to fresh particles injected after the passage of the reverse shock.

[en] The Be/X-ray binary A 0535+26 showed a normal (type I) outburst in 2009 August. It is the fourth in a series of normal outbursts associated with the periastron, but is unusual because it presented a double-peaked light curve. The two peaks reached a flux of ∼450 mCrab in the 15-50 keV range. We present results of the timing and spectral analysis of INTEGRAL, RXTE, and Suzaku observations of the outburst. The energy-dependent pulse profiles and their evolution during the outburst are studied. No significant differences with respect to other normal outbursts are observed. The centroid energy of the fundamental cyclotron line shows no significant variation during the outburst. A spectral hardening with increasing luminosity is observed. We conclude that the source is accreting in the sub-critical regime. We discuss possible explanations for the double-peaked outburst.