[en] Discussed are an applicabilities of time-of-flight mass spectrometers in various fields of science and technology. Two types of such spectrometers are considered. Double-section electrostatic reflective fields are used in the first scheme to focus ion beams, this permits to obtain the resolution of the device of about several thousands. Such mass spectrometers called mass reflectrons are successfully used to analyze heavy molecules (ReBr₃) and organic compounds. Besides, mass reflectrons are used for an operative control of nickel converter production. A strong magnetic focusing of ion packets and resonance between ion cyclotron frequency and modulator frequency are provided in the second scheme of time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Such magnetic-resonance mass spectrometers (MRMS) have a high resolution (from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands) at a relatively short length of ion flight (about 1 m). Discussed are the results obtained with MRMS while studying isotopy of natural helium and gas diffusion into crystals at superlow temperatures. Comparative data of the both types of the spectrometers are presented

[en] Main problems of development of methods for extra plasma heating in a tokamak are considered. Results of recent investigations into key problems of magnetic plasma confinement are discussed. Given are main performances of the T-15 facility under construction and INTOR facility being designed and intended for a self-sustaining reaction as well as for the demonstration of energy production feasibility by the thermonuclear fusion. It is noted that the development of the extra plasma heating methods permit to solve two questions of principle related to electron thermoinsulation. The first is related to the investigation into the nature of electron thermal conductivity anomally, the second - to the investigation into ion thermal conductivity. It is also noted that the electron conductivity measured at a number of facilities drops or, at least, does not increase with the electron temperature growth. It is concluded that there is no anomally high coefficient of ion thermal conductivity in the rare collision region corresponding to thermonuclear plasma. It is underlined that unlike the predictions of a classical theory, heavy impurities are not accumulated in the center of a plasma filament but leave plasma at velocities close to a velocity of main plasma diffusion. At present there are near 40 operating experimental tokamak facilities all over the world, a quarter of them operate in the USSR. A significant stage of carrying out the program of thermonuclear reactor creation will be experiments with large scale plasma at the T-15 and TFTR facilities

[en] Two directions of sound application appearing during the charged particles passing through liquid - in biology and for charged particles registration are considered. Application of this sound in radiology is determined by a contribution of its hypersound component (approximately 10⁹ Hz) to radiology effect of ionizing radiation on micro-organisms and cells. Large amplitudes and pressure gradients in a hypersound wave have a pronounced destructive breaking effect on various microobjects (cells, bacteria, viruses). An essential peculiarity of these processes is the possibility of control by choosing conditions changing hypersound generation, propagation and effect. This fact may lead not only to the control by radiaiton effects but also may explain and complete the analogy of ionizing radiation and ultrasound effect on bioobjects. The second direction is acoustic registration of passing ionizing particles. It is based on the possibility of guaranteed signal reception from a shower with 10¹⁵-10¹⁶ eV energy in water at distances of hundreds of meters. Usage of acoustic technique for neutrino registration in the DUMAND project permits to use a detecting volume of water with a mass of 10⁹ t and higher

[en] Problem of study and origin of star complexes is discussed. The star complexes in the Galaxy are considered. Investigation into the cepheid distribution in the Galaxy pointed to the existence of young star groups of common origin. The data on the supergiant distribution in the Large Magellanic Cloud support the conclusion that the concentration of high luminosity stars in the giant complexes is a regular phenomenon of fundamental character. The complexes comprise not less than 80% of stars with the mass exceeding the solar one 4-5 times

[en] Cosmic ray studies performed in Jakutiya since 1947 are reviewed. Presently, these studies are carried out in a wide energy range from 10⁸ to 10²⁰ eV and are aimed at obtaining data on electromagnetic properties of the cosmic space. Systems of ground telescopes and counters and underground spectrometers used for the study of cosmic ray anisotropy in the interplanerary space are described. The main methods and results of investigating particles with the energy exceeding 10¹⁷ eV are presented. The studies are perfored in Jakutsk using the device of extensive air showers largest in the world with the control area about 20 km²

[en] The results of recent investigations of hi-gh energy hadron interaction are discussed. The accuracy of determination of tiotal cross sections of hadron interaction with protons nowadays constitutes about 0.3%, while the accuracy of proton-proton cross sections measurement - about 1%. Experimental data testify to the growth of total cross sections with energy but they provide no possibility to judge the character of asymptotic behaviour of total cross sections. For this purpose one should move forward into the field of essentially higher energies. Dispersion relations permit to estimate the total cross sections behaviour outside the energies reached by modern accelerators. The investigations have shown that the contemplated in the accelerating energies field total cross sections growth will continue at higher energies as well. The total πr-scattering cross section will increase at least up to momentum values of colliding particles p=2000 GeV/c, while total pp-scattering cross section up to p=40000 GeV/c. One of the information sources on pp interaction total cross sections at superhigh energies are cosmic radiations. Main results are pertaining to the 10²-10⁵ GeV energy range and are in a satisfactory agreement with accelerating data. Using the one-pomeron exchange model, V. Gribov in 1961 predicted the logarithmic growth of hadrons interaction radius with energy increase-diffraction cone narrowing. The existing experimental data are in agreement with the hypothesis of universal diffraction cone narrowing in the high energies field

[en] The principal directions in fundamental investigations on cosmic ray physics carried out in the Erevan Physical Institute of the Armenian Academy of Science (ErPhI) are described. The 6 GeV electron synchrotron was constructed and put in operation in 1967 at the Alpine ''Aragats'' station to investigate high-energy cosmjc particles and atmospheric showers. The basic parameters of the Erevan electron synchrotron are presented. The following experiments are described in short: investigation of photoproduction on nuclei γA → eta⁰A'; investigation of single photoproduction of π^+- and π^--mesons; effects of cumulative proton and pion production; programs of investigation of polarization phenomena in meson photoproduction in the γN → πN type reactions; investigation of electromagnetic structure of protons and deuterons. Investigations into physical experiment technique occupy a significant place in the ErPI subjects. Theoretical forcasting and experimental investigation of the X-ray transient radiation (XTR) is one of the main scientific achievements in this field. This investigation has resulted in creation of XTR detectors of high-energy particles. A modern status of cosmic ray investigations performed on the ''Pion'' set at 500-2000 GeV has been briefly described. In the framework of the ''HTI'' (hadron terrestrial investigations) long-term project, determined are: energy range of investigations and basic physical problems; creation of the ''HTI'' complex. It has been noted that development of ErPhI fundamental investigations was combined with an accomplishment of some applied works such as radiation materials studies, radiobiophysics and automation in scientific research

[en] The dynamics of current layers: formation of current layers, their stability and disintegration is discussed. A brief review of the results of solar flare observations is presented in connection with the considered problem. The solar flare processes have nonstationary character. Tendency to generation of an extended current layer is analytically revealed in weak nonlinearity approximation. Possibilities of current layer generation have been studied in laboratory experiments. The given experimental results testify to the fact that effective conversion of accumulated magnetic energy to non-thermal forms is possible at burst disruption of a current layer

[en] The present state-of-the-art and developmental prospects of turbogenerators with unit power more than 1000 MW and rotation speed of 1500-3000 min^-1 are analyzed. A set of fundamental problems of electrodynamics, mechanics, thermophysics, hydro- and aerodynamics and physics of metals to be solved are shortly surveyed. Technical advances in turbogenerator cooling are discussed. The most potential in developing superpower units is awarded to those with full liquid cooling. Among those considered are components of routine turbogenerators representing the most stringent constraints in increasing unit power, such as the stator, winding and core, the rotor winding and the excitation system. One of the most promising designs rests on turbogenerators with a grooveless rotor and stator and superconducting windings which enjoy a potential for decreased weight and dimensions and increased efficiency

[en] The paper is devoted to the problems of further development of fundamental investigations related to ion implantation. Among principle outstanding problehe following must be pointed out: specification and quantitative analysis of mechanisms of primary defects formation, ion paths under the conditions of high dose implantation, when the target composition changes with depth and time, when dose increases, calculation of ion paths at low energies (less 2 keV), which is important when using implantation of recoil atoms from layers preliminarily applied to the surface prediction of true values of channeled ion paths. The most prospecting directions of investigations should be considered the following: synthesis of semiconductor and other materials, zone structure and phase transitions in a solid monitoring formation of stable semiconductor diamond layers by means of ion implantation, laser annealing and pulse electron beam annealing