[en] The article describes some greenhouse gas emission challenges in the Norwegian petroleum industry. Some of the conclusions are that the national taxation policies are insufficient and that international co-operation is essential in order to obtain significant pollution abatement. The mechanisms for this are not yet in place. Some possible measures are mentioned. The main solution to the problems internationally seems to be international co-operation projects generally with quota trade in order to meet the Kyoto agreement obligations

[en] The accidents which accurred at Wuergassen, Browns Ferry and Three Mile Island are each briefly described and discussed. The last is naturally treated in much more detail than the first two. Damage to the fuel elements is briefly considered and the release of fission products, radiation doses to the population and their expected consequences are discussed. The accidents are evaluated and related to risk evaluations, especially in WASH-1400. (JIW)

[en] Activation analysis using charged particles is an interesting complement to the more established methods, especially for the determination of oxygen and other light elements. This article discusses analysis by irradiation in cyclotron beams (protons, deuterons, alpha particles or helium 3 particles) which is especially interesting for light elements (beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine) since these cannot be determined by neutron irradiation in a reactor. The sensitivity can be to below 1 nanogram, corresponding to concentrations of 0.001 ppm. The method can also with advantage be used as a supplement to traditional neutron activation analysis for a number of heavier elements. (JIW)

[en] The demand for uranium for nuclear fuel is a significant basis for the need for a variety of analytical methods for this element. Uranium also plays a large part in geology and geockemical research and in geological and archaeological age determination. Fission track analysis differs from other chemical analysis methods in that the element is shown visibly, and that lower concentrations can be determined than by any other method. These properties facilitate localisation of uranium relative to other structural materials. The general principles of fission track analysis are presented, and the main applications discussed. (JIW)

[en] The article surveys recent research on climate and climatic models incorporating greenhouse gas contributions. The uncertainty in the models have been reduced considerably. The temperature predictions made 12 years ago are in good agreement with the global observations

[en] Examples are presented of the use of cyclotron beams in activation analysis. These are the determination of oxygen in silicon using 14 MeV helium 3 beams and a large number of trace elements in tantalum using 10 MeV protons. The direct analysis by measuring characteristic radiation produced in the primary nuclear reaction is also discussed, the examples being multielement analysis in biological materials using the elastic scattering of 22 MeV alpha particles, and the determination of hydrogen in thin foils by the elastic scattering of 17 MeV protons. (JIW)

[en] The article presents solid matter NMR and the possibilities this method has within structural chemistry and quantitative analytic chemistry today. Sensitivity and interactions problems, newer equipment, applications within biochemistry, polymeric and other organic chemistry and crystallography are particularly discussed

[en] The article reviews and compares methods for removing carbon dioxide from gas power plants. Both efficacy and economic aspects are dealt with

[en] Within the whole sphere of the nuclear fuel cycle, the probability of a major accident is stated to be greatest at the nuclear power plant, due to the high concentration of thermal energy. There is a general discussion of safety aspects, accident probability and safety measures. Thereafter risk studies in general and the Norwegian risk evaluation are briefly discussed. The risk levels for nuclear power are compared with those for dam ruptures, meteors and chemical industry. Following a brief treatment of sabotage and war risks, criticism of the Rasmussen study and the Lewis committee's main conclusions are presented. (JIW)

[en] Emission of greenhouse gases from petroleum related activities on the Norwegian continental shelf amounted in 1990 to 7.9 million metric tons of CO₂ equivalents. CO₂ made up 83%. Emissions in connection with heating and power generation from turbines make up 70% with flaring contributing 21% of the remaining part of the CO₂ emissions. The potential for reducing emissions by replacing existing turbines is limited since only a small percentage of the generating capacity is from turbines with a low efficiency. For new field installations heat recovery units such as steam generators will be installed. Retrofitting installations for hydroelectric power has poor project economy and doubtful environmental benefits. For flaring the data indicate large variations in emissions pr produced unit between different operators during regular production, and there is potential for better operating routines. Emission from VOC halons and NO_x plus the potential for reinjection of CO₂ is brifly treated. The planned increased production could result in a 60 to 100% increase in CO₂ emissions from petroleum related activities by year 2000, provided conventional technology is applied. 2 figs., 1 tab