[en] The reliable and precise measurements of gas parameters in different points of industrial plant are necessary for its proper operation and control. Natural flue gases there are only at the inlet. At other points of plant gas parameters are strongly modified by process control system. The principal role of process monitoring system is to provide the Computer System for Monitoring and Control and the operator with instantaneous values of alarm states, media consumption and continuous recording and controlling of process parameters. The structure of the process control system is based on algorithms describing functional dependence of SO₂ and NO_x removal efficiencies. The best available techniques should be used for measurements of flue gases parameters at critical points of installation. (author)

[en] The paper deals with predicting sulphur dioxide emissions generated by power production sector in the Baltic States in period up to year 2020. The economies of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are rapidly growing therefore forecast of emissions related with this occurrence becomes very important. The Ignalina nuclear power plant (INPP), one of the largest in the world, is situated in the region. Two power production scenarios are modelled to investigate changes in power sector's emissions expected as the consequences of the coming closure of Ignalina NPP. Power market was assumed to be common for all three Baltic countries and was modelled by applying the Balmorel model. The planned closure of Ignalina NPP will bring restructuring of Lithuania power production sector and will change also power transmission between countries. Predictive identified the potential of investments for new modern power generation technologies. At the same time modelling results show in both scenarios SO₂ emissions from power production in the Baltic region will increase. The increment of emissions is discussed in the context of meeting requirements of EC Directives. The SO₂ formation in Lithuania power sector may exceed the limits of the EU Council Directive 2001/80/EB therefore the additional measures to control SO₂ emissions have to be investigated. (author)

[en] A pilot plant for treating 1,000m³/day of dyeing wastewater with e-beam has been constructed and operated since 1998 in Daegu, Korea together with the biological treatment facility. The wastewater from various stages of the existing purification process has been treated with electron beam in this plant. Installation of the EB pilot plant resulted in decolorizing and destructive oxidation of organic impurities in wastewater, in reduction of the treatment time, and in increase in flow rate limit of existing facilities by 30-40%. Industrial plant for treating 10,000m³/day each, based upon the pilot experimental result, is under construction and will be finished by 2005. This project is supported by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Korean Government. A commercial plant for re-circulation of wastewater from Papermill Company is also designed for Pan Asia Paper Co. Cheongwon Mill, and after the successful installation, up to 80% of wastewater could be reused in paper producing process. The method for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater and other technologies are developed with the joint works with Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) of Russian Academy of Sciences. (author)

[en] Disposal of sewage sludge, especially in large metropolitan cities throughout the world, is emerging as a serious problem for urban authorities as sludge contains a high load of microbes which are a serious threat to public health.. There exists a need for development of cost effective and environment friendly technologies to overcome the problem. High-energy ionizing radiation can create extremely reactive species like free radicals or ions at room temperature or even at low temperature in any phase and in a variety of substrates without addition of external additives. The highly reactive intermediates produced during radiolysis of water namely, hydroxyl radical OH, hydrated electron e^-_aq. and hydrogen atom H have the capability to react with the pathogenic microbes present in the sludge resulting in its disinfection. In India, Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) has designed, built and has been operating, since 1992, a Sludge Hygienization Research Irradiator (SHRI), adjacent to the municipal sewage sludge treatment plant in Vadodara for reduction of pathogens in the sludge. The plant has provided valuable experience regarding the design, operational parameters of the irradiator and irradiated sludge has been shown to be useful as a fertilizer in agricultural practice. The operational experience of SHRI facility, current status, some recent developments and the economic aspects of this technology are presented. (author)

[en] Chlorinated organic compounds and dioxins emission are very harmful to the environment and human's health due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic effect. Decomposition of chlorinated organic compounds and dioxins contained in the industrial off-gases by using electron beam technology is reviewed. General mechanism of CI-VOCs by using EB technology is outlined. Experiments of CI-VOCs treatment from laboratory scale to the pilot scale are described. It is drawn a conclusion that EB is a promising technology to remove multiple pollutants from off-gases including chlorinated organic compounds and dioxins. (author)

[en] Abstract The industrial scale electron beam flue gas treatment plant for simultaneous removal of sulphur and nitrogen oxides from flue gases has been built in electric power station Pomorzany in Szczecin, Poland. The plant may purify up to 270 000 Nm³/h of flue gases with the efficiency as high as 95% for SO₂ and 70% for NO_x. The total power of four installed accelerators reaches 1.04 MW that makes it the biggest radiation processing facility in the world. After the completion of the investment the operational and economic data have been obtained. Basing on the gathered data the possible costs of EBFGT installations have been evaluated. (author)

[en] The electron beam flue gases treatment technology has been developed first in Japan later in USA. Germany and Poland. According tree party contract which was sign between IAEA, JAERI and NEK, has been constructed Pilot Plant for electron beam flues gases treatment in Bulgaria. The flow rate of 10,000 nm³/h are irradiated by three high energy accelerators of 800 keV and 35 kW beam power each. The plant has been operated since January 2004. The removal efficiency is from 90-99 % for SO_x and 85-90% for NO_x. The quality of the coals are with high ash content up to 45%. high moisture up to 57%, the low calorific value from 1196 kcal/kg up to 1603 kcal/kg and high concentration of sulfur made the Bulgarian lignite coals unique in their usage as fuel for the thermal power plants in Maritsa East side. (author)

[en] A hybrid process design is proposed that will enhance the technical and economic feasibility of use of electron beam technology for flue gas cleaning. A partial chemical oxidation of the flue-gas acid gases is carried out prior to treatment of the gas by ammonization, final evaporative cooling and electron irradiation. Differentiating between low and high sulfur fuel applications, this assessment presents means of substantially improving the cost-effectiveness and practicality) in application of the electron beam (E Beam) flue gas treatment process. this through pre-oxidation of the dedusted raw flue gas using selected chemical oxidants. Particularly in low sulfur fuel applications, encountered worldwide, parasitic electric power consumption including electron accelerator energy demand can, importantly, be reduced, e.g. to 2% of the capacity of the generating unit served. This matches that of combined, multi-process. conventional means of removal of SO₂ and NO_x. Optimal selection and dosage of relevant. available, chemical oxidants can advantageously moderate required accelerator capacity and electric energy/usage. This can ensure cost-effectiveness competitive with all other means of removing SO₂ and NO_x in either a simultaneous or combined (multi-step) manner. (author)

[en] This paper gives a brief review of flue gas desulphurisation and de-nitrification with electron beam irradiation (hereafter EA-FGD) process in China. Several installations have been introduced from bench scale to industrial demonstration project, including the state-of-the-art of EA-FGD process, the economy based on local prices and demonstration project, etc. At the end, some proposals of accelerating the industrial application of EA-FGD process are brought forward. (author)

[en] The Technical Meeting on Radiation Processing of Gaseous and Liquid Effluents conducted in Sofia, Bulgaria, 7-10 September 2004, discussed and evaluated issues related to the status and future trends in radiation application for environmental protection. Five experts from Bulgaria, India, the Republic of Korea, Poland, and the United States of America were invited to provide their experiences in this field. Twenty cost-free participants and observers - from Bulgaria, India, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine -joined the meeting, and 15 papers in total were presented. Research and development in radiation processing of gaseous and liquid effluents is undertaken in three fields: electron beam flue gas treatment (SO_x and NO_x removal), wastewater purification and sewage sludge sterilization. Wastewater or sludge treatment and flue gas purification all differ from technological points of view, but they are common services and applications of environmental radiation technology applications, based mostly on electron accelerators. The technical meeting discussed new development in the field of radiation applications in environmental service, especially the status and prospects of radiation processing of gaseous and liquid effluents. Progress in the field of electron accelerators and gamma sources is crucial for routine application of the technology. Cost reduction and improvement of technical reliability are substantial especially for high power of accelerators and high activity of the sources needed for environmental applications. Environmental applications were carefully reviewed in accordance with the existing regulations and state of the art knowledge. The comparison with conventional commercial technologies was addressed as well. In flue gas treatment, applicability of the technology using different fossil fuels (coal, lignite, oil, etc.) was reviewed. The elaborated materials cover the technical and economical evaluation of the technologies. The possible applications of radiation technology for environmental preservation were presented during the meeting. The electron beam (EB) technology for flue gas treatment was developed in Japan in the early 1980s. Later on, this process was investigated in pilot scale in the USA, Germany, Japan, China and Poland. Commercial EB flue gas treatment installations are operating in coal-fired plants in China and Poland. The plant in Poland treats approximately 270,000 Nm ³/h of flue gases. High efficiency of SO_x and NO_x removal (up to 90% for SO_x and up to 70% for NO_x) is achieved and by-product is a high quality fertilizer. The advantage of this technology over conventional ones has been clearly demonstrated from both the technical and the economic points of view. Further, its implementation depends on technical development of supply and operation of reliable, high power accelerators with minimal maintenance. In accordance with a three party contract between the IAEA, Japanese Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) and the Bulgarian Government a pilot plant for EB flue gas treatment was constructed in Maritza, Bulgaria to treat high humidity, high SO_x and NO_x gases from combustion of low-grade lignite. Flue gas of 10,000 cubic meters per hour was irradiated with three high energy accelerators, each 35 kW and 800 keV. The plant has been operating since January 2004. The efficiency of pollutant removal ranges of 90-99 % for SO_x and 85-90% for NO_x. Materials presented in the report will serve as basis for the preparation of guidelines and feasibility studies including cost analyses for full-scale process implementation. Public awareness and technology acceptance are other factors to be considered in furthering the dissemination of the technology