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AbstractAbstract
[en] All studies are being done with the isotopes At 209 to At 211 having half-lives in the few hours region and being obtained by irradiation of bismuth with α-particles via (α,xn) reactions or by proton irradiation of heavy elements via spallation reactions. The fast separation of the obtained At isotopes is no very difficult procedure and is either being done by wet adsorption-precipitation techniques or making use of its high volatility by destilling in air. Astatine is a halogen but has marked metallic properties. Any anomalous behavior of At may be attributed, at least in part, to reactions with unknown trace impurities. A number of organic At compounds is being used in nuclear medicine for special purposes, e.g., for anticancer drugs or other local irradiations of malignant diseases. Thirteen sections of this book have been documented separately. (orig./PW)
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1985; 304 p; Springer; Berlin (Germany, F.R.); ISBN 3-540-93516-9; ; With 135 figs.
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[en] The chapter describes the biological behavior of astatine isotopes like route of absorption, organ distribution and retention and the excretion. The acute and subacute effects and the tumor induction of incorporated astatine are shown. The last part gives an overview about aspects in using astatine labelled compounds as medical diagnostica and drugs and their preparation. (PW)
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Kugler, H.K. (Gmelin-Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie und Grenzgebiete in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main (Germany, F.R.)); Keller, C. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Schule fuer Kerntechnik); Berei, K.; Vasaros, L. (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Central Research Inst. for Physics); Eberle, S.H. (Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie); Kirby, H.W. (Monsanto Research Corp., Miamisburg, OH (USA). Mound Facility); Muenzel, H. (Technische Hochschule Darmstadt (Germany, F.R.)); Roessler, K. (Kernforschungsanlage Juelich G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Chemie 1 - Nuklearchemie); Seidel, A. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Genetik und Toxikologie von Spaltstoffen); 304 p; ISBN 3-540-93516-9; ; 1985; p. 157-178; Springer; Berlin (Germany, F.R.)
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ALPHA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, ASTATINE ISOTOPES, BETA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, CLEARANCE, DISTRIBUTION, DRUGS, ELECTRON CAPTURE RADIOISOTOPES, HEAVY NUCLEI, HOURS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES, ISOTOPES, LABELLED COMPOUNDS, MATERIALS, MEDICINE, NUCLEI, ODD-EVEN NUCLEI, PATHOGENESIS, RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS, RADIOISOTOPES, SYNTHESIS, THERAPY
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AbstractAbstract
[en] This chapter describes the nuclear properties of astatine isotopes and the detection methods of them. The separation from other elements will be done by distillation, solvent extraction, coprecipitation or by chromatography. (PW)
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Kugler, H.K. (Gmelin-Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie und Grenzgebiete in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main (Germany, F.R.)); Keller, C. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Schule fuer Kerntechnik); Berei, K.; Vasaros, L. (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Central Research Inst. for Physics); Eberle, S.H. (Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie); Kirby, H.W. (Monsanto Research Corp., Miamisburg, OH (USA). Mound Facility); Muenzel, H. (Technische Hochschule Darmstadt (Germany, F.R.)); Roessler, K. (Kernforschungsanlage Juelich G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Chemie 1 - Nuklearchemie); Seidel, A. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Genetik und Toxikologie von Spaltstoffen); 304 p; ISBN 3-540-93516-9; ; 1985; p. 129-139; Springer; Berlin (Germany, F.R.)
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AbstractAbstract
[en] This section of the chapter shows some chemical and physical properties of inorganic and organic astatine compounds. (PW)
Source
Kugler, H.K. (Gmelin-Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie und Grenzgebiete in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main (Germany, F.R.)); Keller, C. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Schule fuer Kerntechnik); Berei, K.; Vasaros, L. (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Central Research Inst. for Physics); Eberle, S.H. (Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie); Kirby, H.W. (Monsanto Research Corp., Miamisburg, OH (USA). Mound Facility); Muenzel, H. (Technische Hochschule Darmstadt (Germany, F.R.)); Roessler, K. (Kernforschungsanlage Juelich G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Chemie 1 - Nuklearchemie); Seidel, A. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Genetik und Toxikologie von Spaltstoffen); 304 p; ISBN 3-540-93516-9; ; 1985; p. 210-259; Springer; Berlin (Germany, F.R.)
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AbstractAbstract
[en] At-219 is the only naturally occurring At isotope ever isolated by chemical means. Other isotopes have been prepared by irradiation of Bi with α-particles or Pb, Bi, Th, and U with protons. The isotopes have been separated by distillation or extraction. (PW)
Primary Subject
Source
Kugler, H.K. (Gmelin-Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie und Grenzgebiete in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main (Germany, F.R.)); Keller, C. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Schule fuer Kerntechnik); Berei, K.; Vasaros, L. (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Central Research Inst. for Physics); Eberle, S.H. (Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie); Kirby, H.W. (Monsanto Research Corp., Miamisburg, OH (USA). Mound Facility); Muenzel, H. (Technische Hochschule Darmstadt (Germany, F.R.)); Roessler, K. (Kernforschungsanlage Juelich G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Chemie 1 - Nuklearchemie); Seidel, A. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Genetik und Toxikologie von Spaltstoffen); 304 p; ISBN 3-540-93516-9; ; 1985; p. 95-100; Springer; Berlin (Germany, F.R.)
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[en] Each section in the survey contains the structure and decay data for a particular At isotope in the following sequence: mass, level scheme, half-life, α decay, β decay, electron capture, γ radiation, decay scheme, and methods of production. (PW)
Primary Subject
Source
Kugler, H.K. (Gmelin-Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie und Grenzgebiete in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main (Germany, F.R.)); Keller, C. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Schule fuer Kerntechnik); Berei, K.; Vasaros, L. (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Central Research Inst. for Physics); Eberle, S.H. (Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie); Kirby, H.W. (Monsanto Research Corp., Miamisburg, OH (USA). Mound Facility); Muenzel, H. (Technische Hochschule Darmstadt (Germany, F.R.)); Roessler, K. (Kernforschungsanlage Juelich G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Chemie 1 - Nuklearchemie); Seidel, A. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Genetik und Toxikologie von Spaltstoffen); 304 p; ISBN 3-540-93516-9; ; 1985; p. 15-94; Springer; Berlin (Germany, F.R.)
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AbstractAbstract
[en] The section gives a general view of the history of astatine search and discovery. (PW)
Primary Subject
Source
Kugler, H.K. (Gmelin-Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie und Grenzgebiete in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main (Germany, F.R.)); Keller, C. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Schule fuer Kerntechnik); Berei, K.; Vasaros, L. (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Central Research Inst. for Physics); Eberle, S.H. (Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie); Kirby, H.W. (Monsanto Research Corp., Miamisburg, OH (USA). Mound Facility); Muenzel, H. (Technische Hochschule Darmstadt (Germany, F.R.)); Roessler, K. (Kernforschungsanlage Juelich G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Chemie 1 - Nuklearchemie); Seidel, A. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Genetik und Toxikologie von Spaltstoffen); 304 p; ISBN 3-540-93516-9; ; 1985; p. 1-9; Springer; Berlin (Germany, F.R.)
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AbstractAbstract
[en] Astatine can be produced by several types of nuclear reactions: a) directed processes of α particles and He-3 with Bi-209, b) spallation reactions and secondary processes, and c) indirectly via the decay of Rn-211. The astatine-211 can be separated either by distillation or extraction. (PW)
Primary Subject
Source
Kugler, H.K. (Gmelin-Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie und Grenzgebiete in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main (Germany, F.R.)); Keller, C. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Schule fuer Kerntechnik); Berei, K.; Vasaros, L. (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Central Research Inst. for Physics); Eberle, S.H. (Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie); Kirby, H.W. (Monsanto Research Corp., Miamisburg, OH (USA). Mound Facility); Muenzel, H. (Technische Hochschule Darmstadt (Germany, F.R.)); Roessler, K. (Kernforschungsanlage Juelich G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Chemie 1 - Nuklearchemie); Seidel, A. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Genetik und Toxikologie von Spaltstoffen); 304 p; ISBN 3-540-93516-9; ; 1985; p. 100-106; Springer; Berlin (Germany, F.R.)
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ALPHA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, ASTATINE ISOTOPES, BETA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BISMUTH ISOTOPES, CHARGED PARTICLES, ELECTRON CAPTURE RADIOISOTOPES, EVEN-ODD NUCLEI, HEAVY NUCLEI, HELIUM IONS, HELIUM ISOTOPES, HOURS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES, IONIZING RADIATIONS, IONS, ISOTOPES, LIGHT NUCLEI, NUCLEI, ODD-EVEN NUCLEI, RADIATION EFFECTS, RADIATIONS, RADIOISOTOPES, RADON ISOTOPES, SEPARATION PROCESSES, STABLE ISOTOPES
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AbstractAbstract
[en] This section gives information of safe and successful handling of astatine based on the literature and the general chemical and physical properties of it. The chemical behavior and the radioactivity assays are shown. In the last part radiation risks, health physics and protection are described. (PW)
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Source
Kugler, H.K. (Gmelin-Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie und Grenzgebiete in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main (Germany, F.R.)); Keller, C. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Schule fuer Kerntechnik); Berei, K.; Vasaros, L. (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Central Research Inst. for Physics); Eberle, S.H. (Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie); Kirby, H.W. (Monsanto Research Corp., Miamisburg, OH (USA). Mound Facility); Muenzel, H. (Technische Hochschule Darmstadt (Germany, F.R.)); Roessler, K. (Kernforschungsanlage Juelich G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Chemie 1 - Nuklearchemie); Seidel, A. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Genetik und Toxikologie von Spaltstoffen); 304 p; ISBN 3-540-93516-9; ; 1985; p. 140-156; Springer; Berlin (Germany, F.R.)
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AbstractAbstract
[en] This section of the chapter describes the chemical behavior of astatine in aqueous and organic solutions. (PW)
Source
Kugler, H.K. (Gmelin-Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie und Grenzgebiete in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main (Germany, F.R.)); Keller, C. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Schule fuer Kerntechnik); Berei, K.; Vasaros, L. (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Central Research Inst. for Physics); Eberle, S.H. (Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Radiochemie); Kirby, H.W. (Monsanto Research Corp., Miamisburg, OH (USA). Mound Facility); Muenzel, H. (Technische Hochschule Darmstadt (Germany, F.R.)); Roessler, K. (Kernforschungsanlage Juelich G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Chemie 1 - Nuklearchemie); Seidel, A. (Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Genetik und Toxikologie von Spaltstoffen); 304 p; ISBN 3-540-93516-9; ; 1985; p. 260-289; Springer; Berlin (Germany, F.R.)
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