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AbstractAbstract
[en] The Proceedings document some of the trials and tribulations involved in setting up nuclear medicine facilities in general and specifically as regards nuclear medicine applications for the diagnosis of the diseases prevalent in the less developed countries. Most of the 51 papers deal with various clinical applications of dynamic functional studies. However, there was also a session on quality control of the equipment used, and a panel discussion critically looked at the problems and potential of dynamic studies in developing countries. This book will be of interest and use not only to those practising nuclear medicine in the developing countries, but it may also bring home to users in developed countries how ''more can be done with less''. Refs, figs and tabs
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Proceedings series; 1989; 583 p; IAEA; Vienna (Austria); International symposium on applications of dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries; Vienna (Austria); 15-19 Aug 1988; ISBN 92-0-010089-9;
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[en] Dynamic function studies can be defined as a measure of the variation of a quantity of a substance in an organ with time. Such studies are clinically useful only when the underlying physiological model is realistic. Usually the measurements are of three kinds: the uptake function, the transit function and the removal function. Sensitivity of these measurements can be enhanced in several clinical situations by intervention, such as exercise or drugs. It is possible to display a nuclear image in a variety of ways through computer manipulations which are justified only if based on a valid physiological model. The newer radiopharmaceuticals have also increased the range of functions that can be studied, especially in the case of the heart and the brain. Positron emission tomography (PET) images are fascinating but they are prohibitively expensive and routine clinical nuclear medicine will have to rely on information obtained with single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). In the diagnosis of cancer, the instrument alone would not improve the diagnosis. It is necessary to have radiopharmaceuticals with a high degree of specificity of uptake. This can possibly be achieved with immunoscintigraphy. There also, the kinetics of uptake of the labelled antibody enable one to differentiate specific from non-specific uptake. The need for good reliable dynamic function studies is as great in the developing as in the developed countries, but a nuclear medicine specialist in a developing country would need more skills and experience because of the heavy odds against which one would be working. (author). 43 refs, 2 figs
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International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); World Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland); Proceedings series; 583 p; ISBN 92-0-010089-9; ; 1989; p. 3-19; IAEA; Vienna (Austria); International symposium on applications of dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries; Vienna (Austria); 15-19 Aug 1988
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AbstractAbstract
[en] Since aerosol inhalation lung scintigraphy was introduced in 1965 following perfusion lung imaging, both imaging modalities have offered powerful tools not only for the study of respiratory lung function but also for the exploration of non-respiratory lung function studies. Visualization of the distribution of ventilation and perfusion in the lungs has made it possible to determine whether ventilation and perfusion are well matched or not, thus leading to the diagnosis of vascular diseases if perfusion is absent in the well ventilated lung regions, whereas airway diseases show matched ventilation and perfusion abnormalities. The reasons for the above principles have been physiologically clarified by perfusion and inhalation techniques using radioactive particulates, aerosols and radioactive gases. Regional ventilation always regulates regional perfusion; regional hypoventilation causes regional hypoxia which in turn causes hypoxic vasoconstriction and a consequent decrease in perfusion. Regional perfusion does not regulate regional ventilation except in the very early phase of perfusion changes when hypoperfusion can cause a transient bronchoconstriction and hypoventilation. This reaction disappears within 6 hours in dogs. Deposition patterns of inhaled aerosol in the lungs help differentiate the nature of the obstructive airways disease. Aerosol inhalation imaging can offer a unique technique for the study of mucociliary clearance function in the lungs. 'Radioaerosol inhalation lung cinescintigraphy' has made it possible to visualize the actual mucociliary clearance status in the lungs in vivo. Indexes to quantify the mucociliary clearance function have been proposed. Effects of pharmaceutical agents on mucociliary clearance function in the lungs can now be objectively evaluated by aerosol inhalation lung imaging and its quantification. The study of pulmonary epithelial permeability by inhalation of 99Tcm DTPA aerosol has also been mentioned. 26 refs, 8 figs, 3 tabs
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International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); World Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland); Proceedings series; 583 p; ISBN 92-0-010089-9; ; 1989; p. 299-317; IAEA; Vienna (Austria); International symposium on applications of dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries; Vienna (Austria); 15-19 Aug 1988
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AMINO ACIDS, BETA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BETA-MINUS DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BODY, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, CHELATING AGENTS, COLLOIDS, COUNTING TECHNIQUES, DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, DISPERSIONS, DRUGS, HOURS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES, INTAKE, INTERMEDIATE MASS NUCLEI, ISOMERIC TRANSITION ISOTOPES, ISOTOPES, MEDICINE, NUCLEI, ODD-EVEN NUCLEI, ORGANIC ACIDS, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, ORGANS, RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING, RADIOISOTOPES, RADIOPROTECTIVE SUBSTANCES, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, RESPONSE MODIFYING FACTORS, SOLS, TECHNETIUM ISOTOPES, YEARS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES
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Bahar, R.H.; Kouris, K.; Awdeh, M.; Abdel-Dayem, H.M.; Sabha, M.; Ali, Y.M.; Britton, K.E.
Dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries1989
Dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries1989
AbstractAbstract
[en] Selection of patients with chronic obstructive uropathy for surgery is a difficult problem because of uncertainties in identifying the presence of true mechanical obstruction in a grossly dilated urinary tract. In urinary schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) the pelvicalyceal system and ureter are usually bilaterally grossly dilated with or without obstruction. For this reason, a computational protocol for quantitative analysis of radionuclide diuretic renograms (RDRs) using 99Tcm DTPA was developed and used in order to evaluate noninvasively the outcome of surgery in these patients. The protocol consists of two programs which provide comprehensive quantitative analysis of RDR. In addition to curves over kidneys, pelvis and parenchyma, the protocol provides; split renal flow, split renal uptake, split renal glomerular filtration rate, rate of uptake, rate of excretion, percentage retained activity in kidney or parenchyma at different intervals and transit time indices for kidney and parenchyma using deconvolution analysis. In this prospective study of 104 urinary systems affected by schistosomal obstructive uropathy (SOU) three distinctive obstructive renogram patterns (A, B, C) were recognized in 65 urinary systems. All of these had surgery for relief of obstruction. These patterns correlated well with operative findings and with the post-operative improvement. Percentages of post-operative improvements were 39%, 69% and 0% for patterns A, B and C respectively. The authors conclude that the RDR pattern can be used to predict the outcome of surgery in patients with SOU. (author). 7 refs, 1 fig., 1 tab
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Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); World Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland); Proceedings series; 583 p; ISBN 92-0-010089-9; ; 1989; p. 141-146; IAEA; Vienna (Austria); International symposium on applications of dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries; Vienna (Austria); 15-19 Aug 1988; IAEA-SM--304/52B
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AMINO ACIDS, BETA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BETA-MINUS DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BODY, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, CHELATING AGENTS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, DISEASES, DRUGS, HOURS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, INTERMEDIATE MASS NUCLEI, ISOMERIC TRANSITION ISOTOPES, ISOTOPE APPLICATIONS, ISOTOPES, MEDICINE, NUCLEI, ODD-EVEN NUCLEI, ORGANIC ACIDS, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, ORGANS, PARASITIC DISEASES, RADIOISOTOPES, RADIOPROTECTIVE SUBSTANCES, RESPONSE MODIFYING FACTORS, TECHNETIUM ISOTOPES, YEARS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES
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[en] Nuclear cardiology allows one to study the morphology, perfusion and function of the heart. Developing countries should try to create their own technological assets in order to implement new advances. However, expensive and sophisticated equipment is not always necessary. First-pass qualitative radioangiocardiography continues to be a most important and valuable procedure and can even be done with a single scintillation probe. A simple gamma camera can be used for myocardial imaging. Scintigraphy can be a useful tool in acute myocardial infarction. Thallium scintigraphy is more sensitive but less specific than coronary angiography: the two techniques are not comparable because they study different parameters. Technetium-99m isonitril has advantages over thallium as a tracer, but is expensive. Computers are not essential for all nuclear cardiology studies but digital systems can improve the quality of images and extract the quantitative data easily. The most important application of such systems in conventional nuclear cardiology is in the analysis of gated equilibrium studies. Single photon emission computer tomography is a valuable procedure for detecting coronary artery disease but reduces the independence of the user, since it involves the use of proprietary software. However, nuclear medicine departments in developing countries might well design, build and program their own inexpensive digital systems, using, for instance, a personal computer. (author)
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Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); World Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland); Proceedings series; 583 p; ISBN 92-0-010089-9; ; 1989; p. 105-113; IAEA; Vienna (Austria); International symposium on applications of dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries; Vienna (Austria); 15-19 Aug 1988
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AbstractAbstract
[en] Although it is possible to perform dynamic studies using equipment as simple as a single collimated sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) detector connected to a count rate meter and pen chart recorder, the results obtained with such equipment have a number of inherent errors associated with them. Such equipment is inexpensive and relatively easy to use for most studies but its application is limited. The equipment of choice is a scintillation camera with an associated nuclear medicine computer that can be used to capture the data and for subsequent data manipulation and analysis. The step from single probe and ratemeter to scintillation camera and computer is a major one, but is unavoidable if the results achieved are to have any diagnostic value. A number of specialized pieces of equipment are available, but these must be regarded with a certain degree of circumspection where developing nations are involved. Scintillation cameras can be used for a large range of nuclear medicine studies both dynamic and static; they have reached a high level of reliability; field service is generally available from the major manufacturers in most countries; and training in the use of scintillation cameras is more readily available. This paper will discuss some of the performance characteristics of a scintillation camera/nuclear medicine computer combination that make it suitable for dynamic studies. (author). 24 refs, 1 tab
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International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); World Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland); Proceedings series; 583 p; ISBN 92-0-010089-9; ; 1989; p. 401-415; IAEA; Vienna (Austria); International symposium on applications of dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries; Vienna (Austria); 15-19 Aug 1988
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[en] After the introduction of X-ray computerized tomography (CT) in the early 1970s, radionuclide brain imaging received a setback, although it was still an important investigation in the developing countries, where CT service is not readily available. There has been a resurgence of interest in brain imaging in recent years because of three developments: (1) single photon emmission tomography (SPECT), (2) use of lipophilic compounds which cross the blood-brain barrier and are retained in the brain in relation to blood flow, receptor binding or metabolic activity, and (3) development of positron emission tomography (PET). Recent experience of SPECT brain imaging with 99Tcm HMPAO, one of the lipophilic compounds, is reviewed in the paper and a description is given of some results obtained in Kuwait. The procedure was found to be diagnostically useful, and often more helpful than CT, in a variety of neurological disorders such as dementia, degenerative disorders of the brain, epilepsy, cerebrovascular accidents, subarachnoid haemorrhage and head injuries. Cerebral perfusion study with radionuclide imaging is the most definitive criterion of acute brain death. It is felt that new horizons have opened up in nuclear medicine as a result of the new developments. (author)
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International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); World Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland); Proceedings series; 583 p; ISBN 92-0-010089-9; ; 1989; p. 553-561; IAEA; Vienna (Austria); International symposium on applications of dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries; Vienna (Austria); 15-19 Aug 1988
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BETA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BETA-MINUS DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BODY, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY, DOCUMENT TYPES, EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, HOURS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES, INTERMEDIATE MASS NUCLEI, ISOMERIC TRANSITION ISOTOPES, ISOTOPE APPLICATIONS, ISOTOPES, MEDICINE, NERVOUS SYSTEM, NUCLEI, ODD-EVEN NUCLEI, ORGANS, RADIOISOTOPES, TECHNETIUM ISOTOPES, TOMOGRAPHY, YEARS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES
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Krisanachinda, A.; Herath, K.B.
Dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries1989
Dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries1989
AbstractAbstract
[en] The paper outlines the progress of the co-ordinated research programmes in Thailand, India, the Republic of Korea, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. These were designed to survey quality control procedures in nuclear medicine centres in each country, to create awareness among the personnel of the importance of these procedures, and to set up national programmes using facilities provided by the IAEA. The paper discusses the obstacles encountered and assesses the results achieved to date. It concludes that the surveys were useful, that there has been an increase in the number of nuclear medicine centres adopting quality control procedures in each country, that there has been an improvement in the quality of data supplied to the nuclear physician, and that awareness of, and interest in, quality control by medical physicists and users of nuclear medicine instruments have increased. (author). 4 tabs
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International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); World Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland); Proceedings series; 583 p; ISBN 92-0-010089-9; ; 1989; p. 543-548; IAEA; Vienna (Austria); International symposium on applications of dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries; Vienna (Austria); 15-19 Aug 1988
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[en] Renal and urological disorders occur frequently in developing countries. Renal function measurement helps to determine whether or not a kidney has obstructive nephropathy needing surgery when a dilated outflow tract is found; which kidney to operate upon first in bilateral disease; and whether significant renovascular disorder is present. The techniques range from simple three probe renography to computer linked gamma camera with deconvolution analysis to give the parenchymal transit times. The quality of the service and the physical and technical environment are important. 99Tcm MAG3 mercapto acetyl triglycine is a new radiopharmaceutical which combines the physiology or hippuran with the availability of pertechnetate. Renal nuclear medicine is an essential service where urological operations are performed. (author). 43 refs, 1 tab
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Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); World Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland); Proceedings series; 583 p; ISBN 92-0-010089-9; ; 1989; p. 117-132; IAEA; Vienna (Austria); International symposium on applications of dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries; Vienna (Austria); 15-19 Aug 1988
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Cabrejas, M.L. de; Gonzalez, P.; Cano, R.A.; Abela, J.A.
Dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries1989
Dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries1989
AbstractAbstract
[en] An IAEA co-ordinated research programme to teach and encourage quality control of nuclear medicine instruments was set up in Latin American countries. The procedures followed in order to carry out the programme were: (a) implementation of quality control, (b) external quality control and surveys, (c) organization of workshops. Positive results have been achieved during the first three years of the project, but much work still has to be done to reach an ideal situation. Continuance of the project is fully justified. (author). 5 refs, 1 fig., 3 tabs
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International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); World Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland); Proceedings series; 583 p; ISBN 92-0-010089-9; ; 1989; p. 531-542; IAEA; Vienna (Austria); International symposium on applications of dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries; Vienna (Austria); 15-19 Aug 1988
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