[en] Nuclear energy is seen by many countries as providing a sustainable solution to energy security challenges. In this context, many developing countries are considering the establishment of nuclear power build programmes, while countries with mature nuclear programmes are considering the possibility of further expansion. The challenges facing countries that are embarking on this new venture include, inter alia, the development of policies, legislation as well as the establishment of appropriate institutions such as regulatory bodies with effective independence to take regulatory decisions. Regional and international cooperation and coordination are therefore of critical importance. Accordingly, the establishment of the Forum of Regulatory Bodies in Africa is a welcome initiative. We are pleased that the national nuclear programme in post-apartheid South Africa places us in a position to become active global participants in the safe use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. However, we all have an obligation to ensure that the presence of a plethora of cooperation mechanisms such as this body are as inclusive and as supportive as possible. This will help the global community of nations in reaping maximum benefits that surely should arise from these initiatives to ensure security of energy supply. We do not have the luxury to duplicate such bodies. The role of the International Atomic Energy Agency in nuclear safety and security cannot be over-emphasized. That alone is the reason that drove the liberation movement of the people of our country, and now the ruling party, fully to conform to all the treaties and conventions that have been drafted by this reputable institution of the peoples of the world. The same goes for the facilitation of cooperation and the sharing of knowledge and experience. The IAEA is invariably trusted to provide independent views and advice in order to strengthen safety and security while preserving the sovereignty, authority and responsibilities of Member States

[en] The paper intends to present the evolution and actual situation of radiation protection safety and security infrastructure in Albania, focusing in its establishing and functioning and upgrading the effective independence of Reg Body in accordance with BBS and EU Directives. There are clear descriptions of legal framework of radiation safety and security, the regulatory authority, the services as well the practice of their functioning and challenges in process of increasing of radioactive materials and radiation applications. (author)

[en] According to the governmental action plan for Science and Technology, the retaking of the Brazilian Nuclear Program requires consolidation and an adequation of the legal structure in the nuclear area by creating a new organ, separating the licensing activities and control in a Regulatory Agency. The challenges of public options and the construction of a legal text in accordance with the Brazilian Constitution and with the recommendation of the international organisms are necessary. (author)

[en] A significant problem for many national governments in implementing effective legal and regulatory measures for nuclear security is the lack of trained and experienced experts in the legal aspects of this highly technical field. This is especially the case for States embarking on new nuclear power programs or expanding the peaceful uses of radioactive materials. This paper relates to Topical Issue No. 4 of the Conference on means for enhancing international safety and security communication and cooperation. It identifies some of the available resources for increasing the number of persons trained in nuclear security law and for providing them more detailed and useful information on means for strengthening the national legal framework for nuclear security. (author)

[en] Full text: Haiti is the poorest country in America with 75% of the population living under the poverty line and 56% in an extreme situation. Under UN classification, the country ranked 154 on a total of 193. Haiti is an IAEA member since 1958, after a few years of non active participation in agency's activities for nations members , except for signing one agreement on physical protection, the country had become involved at various level of technical cooperation. In 2003 Haiti paid in full its arrears in membership contributions to IAEA sending a clear signal to its good to renew with technical cooperation. At the same time Agency renewed its technical cooperation with the country at various level mainly in : 1. Isotopes hydrology Applications of isotopes radiation in Industry 2. Radiation medicine and Health 3. Nuclear radiation safety and nuclear Security 4. General Atomic Development. As a third country, Haiti is clearly dependent on international cooperation resources. A fundamental challenge for its National Regulatory board is to insure availability of optimum quantities of resources with national and foreign partners, to establish the culture of regular control regulatory activities, safety culture and improve the quality of human and training assistance for its technical entities. National Regulatory authority faces a range of important challenges in all sectors, just to mention some of them: Improve coordination with technical ministries and other technical entities in related nuclear field within a clear plan of action; Advocate introduction of teaching safety and security culture and radiological protection at university level and in secondary education; Strengthen the training of the personnel in the field of radioprotection along with customs and border officers; Scale up the number of trained people in physics and nuclear techniques in medicine and industry; Scale up the use of new and reliable detectors to better detect sources and include all in - country sources a national database as recommended by Agency; Scale up participation of participation of dosimetric unit of the national authority in various regional inter-comparative studies; Advocate full use scrap metal control to prevent malicious activities, develop regulation regarding the disposal of unused sealed sources; Promote cooperation with other advanced National Regulatory authority at regional and Caribbean levels; Consolidate the legal and regulatory framework by providing Haiti with the necessary technical legal assistance. While it remains to be seen if the Regulatory Board will become a full independent entity with its own budget, human resources development in radioprotection will continue to be one the pillars of Board activity. In this regard, NRB and its technical unit must continue to work with regional board to acquire more training and collaborate with the Ministry of Finance and lawmakers to address its adequate financial and material resources. (author)

[en] The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and donor States, such as the United States through the Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI), assist States in improving physical protection of facilities and locations with nuclear and other radioactive material by installing physical security upgrades to protect against theft and sabotage. If they are to remain effective, these security upgrades must be sustainable: that is, there must be a sufficient commitment of resources to ensure that security systems are effectively operated and maintained now and in the long term. Even though sustainability is in the first instance the responsibility of the facilities involved, effective regulatory systems can play a key role in sustaining security upgrades by increasing the motivation and capacity of facilities to take the necessary decisions and actions. (author)

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[en] The first Nuclear Power Energy Resources (NPP) will operate in 2016 in order to fulfill the needs of national electrical energy especially in Java, Madura and Bali (JAMALI), It was stated in the blue print in National Energy Management 2005 - 2025. The regulatory aspects of the use of nuclear energy in accordance with the role and functions of BAPETEN (Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency) are to prepare and develop rules and regulations, licensing system, inspection system, as well as human resources. The road map in the regulation of the first NPP has been in place since 2004. According to the challenges in the Strategic Plan of BAPETEN, BAPETEN carries out the regulatory program for the first NPP, for the ageing management of research reactors, as well as for nuclear security. In this paper, I will present the preparation of the regulatory aspects of NPP according to the role and functions of BAPETEN, i.e. to prepare and develop rules and regulations, licensing system, inspection system, as well as human resources. Rules and regulations on NPP has been enacted and some are still being prepared and developed. Government Regulation No. 43 of 2006 regulates the licensing of nuclear installations, including site license, construction license, operation license, commissioning license and decommissioning license. Government Regulation that is being drafted is on Nuclear Safety and Security. Presidential Regulation on Nuclear Liability is expected to be enacted by the end of this year. The licensing system prepared in facing the operation of the first NPP in Indonesia should begin with the preparation of the process and procedures for obtaining NPP licenses. The review and assessment procedures in every stage of NPP licenses (site, construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning) should be prepared in line with the existing regulations. The inspection and enforcement procedures in the construction and operation of NPP are prepared based on the applicable rules and regulations, as well as on documents from countries which have experience in the regulations of NPPs. The development of human resources, such as evaluators for the license applications and inspectors for NPP licensee will be conducted with the collaboration of countries having already benefited from NPP or with the assistance of IAEA. (author)