From the Reynolds stress expression, the wave‐induced vertical viscosity (or diffusivity) Bv
is defined, which can be used as a parameter to estimate the strength of wave‐induced …

The three‐dimensional structure of the summertime circulation of the Yellow Sea (hereafter
YS) is studied by using a prognostic wave‐tide‐circulation coupled model based on the …

A theoretical framework to include the influences of nonbreaking surface waves in ocean
general circulation models is established based on Reynolds stresses and fluxes terms derived …

The dynamic mechanisms of the upwelling off the East China Sea (ECS) coast in wintertime
are studied. First, the upwelling signals off the ECS coast are identified by the observed …

Regional trade arrangements (RTAs) in Africa have been ineffective in promoting trade and
foreign direct investment. Relatively high external trade barriers and low resource …

Background Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; Pst) and powdery mildew (Blumeria
graminis f. sp. tritici; Bgt) are important diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. …

Flows of development financing from the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) to low
income countries (LICs) have surged in recent years. Unlike aid from traditional donors, BRICs (…

This paper surveys the economic literature on the scaling-up of aid to Africa. It provides a
checklist of issues that need to be considered when preparing a long term macroeconomic …

This paper evaluates the effects on the Bangladeshi economy of phasing out textile and
clothing (T&C) quotas currently maintained by industrial countries. The planned abolition of the …

A parameterized surface wave-induced vertical mixing (B v ) is incorporated into the Modular
Ocean Model version 4 (MOM4). A comparison of the two numerical experiments with and …