The Baquan Temple Grottoes in Heshui, Gansu

The Baquan Temple Grottoes were built during the middle and late periods of the Northern Wei Dynasty, stretching about 40 meters from north to south, with more than 30 niches carved out. Apart from the larger central niches numbered three, four, and six, the rest are semi-arched remnants, about 1 meter in height. The sculptural themes are mostly the Buddhist figures worshipped by the Northern Wei devotees, including a Buddha flanked by two Bodhisattvas, a cross-legged Bodhisattva with attendant Bodhisattvas on both sides, preaching amidst many treasures, and a thousand Buddhas, etc. The relatively intact No. 13 niche features a finely carved image of Sakyamuni preaching while seated, with a full and graceful figure, delicate eyebrows, a straight nose, a square and round face, and a joyful expression. He is dressed in a half-shoulder cloak with a monk's robe underneath, sitting in a cross-legged pose. The drapery lines are smooth and flowing. In niche No. 5, the main Buddha and attendant figures on both sides are also exquisitely crafted. The main Buddha is depicted in a deep, cross-legged pose, wearing a shoulder-covering cloak. The garment pleats are represented by extremely fine and evenly spaced lines, creating a rhythmic beauty. This example is apt, with a serene demeanor and a high level of craftsmanship, making it a highly representative masterpiece.