How can you use finite element analysis to design tornado-resistant structures?

2 Why use FEA for tornado engineering?

Tornado engineering is a daunting task that necessitates accurate and dependable predictions of the structural performance under extreme wind loads and impacts. FEA can offer several benefits for tornado engineering, such as the capacity to handle complex geometries and nonlinear materials commonly found in tornado-resistant structures, like curved roofs, reinforced concrete, and composite materials. It can also simulate the effects of wind gusts, turbulence, and pressure fluctuations that are unique to tornadoes, as well as take into account the aerodynamic interactions between the wind and the structure. Moreover, FEA can model the failure mechanisms and damage patterns of the structure, such as cracking, buckling, or tearing, and assess the safety and resilience of the structure. Finally, FEA can optimize the design and configuration of the structure to achieve maximum performance and efficiency.

3 How to use FEA for tornado engineering?

To use FEA for tornado engineering, you must first define the geometry and mesh of the structure, using elements that can capture its details and features. Assign the material properties and constitutive models of the elements, taking into account the nonlinear and dynamic behavior of materials under high strain rates and cyclic loading. Additionally, apply the loading and boundary conditions of the structure, using realistic wind profiles and impact scenarios that can simulate tornado effects. Solving the FEA model requires suitable solvers and algorithms that can handle large displacements and nonlinearities. Finally, validate and verify the FEA model by comparing its results with experimental data or analytical solutions, as well as checking its accuracy and convergence.

4 What are the challenges of using FEA for tornado engineering?

FEA is an invaluable tool for tornado engineering, however, it also comes with certain limitations and challenges. For example, FEA can be computationally expensive and time-consuming, particularly for larger and more intricate structures that require precise meshes and long time steps. Additionally, FEA is sensitive to the input parameters and assumptions such as wind speed, direction, and duration, material models and parameters, and element types and sizes. Furthermore, there are uncertainties and errors due to the numerical approximations, discretizations, and simplifications involved in the FEA model. Finally, FEA necessitates expert knowledge and skills to select the appropriate software, methods, and settings as well as to interpret and evaluate the results.

5 What are some examples of using FEA for tornado engineering?

FEA has been utilized for many applications in tornado engineering, such as designing and testing tornado shelters like safe rooms, underground bunkers, and storm cellars that can provide protection and refuge for people and valuables during tornadoes. Additionally, FEA has been employed to study and improve the performance and resistance of building components like roofs, walls, windows, and doors that can be vulnerable to wind loads and debris impacts during tornadoes. Moreover, FEA has been used to investigate and optimize the behavior and response of structural systems like frames, trusses, and arches that can support and distribute the loads and stresses induced by tornadoes.