How do you test soil consolidation and what do you learn?

1 Consolidation Test

A consolidation test is a laboratory experiment that simulates the conditions of soil consolidation in the field. It involves placing a cylindrical sample of soil in a rigid ring and applying a series of vertical loads on the top of the sample, while measuring the change in height and pore water pressure over time. The test can be performed under different drainage conditions, such as undrained, partially drained, or fully drained, depending on the permeability of the soil and the duration of the load.

3 Consolidation Curve

A consolidation curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between the vertical strain and the effective stress of the soil during consolidation. It is composed of four distinct stages. At the initial stage, the soil is under its initial effective stress and has its initial void ratio. During the primary consolidation stage, volume change occurs as a result of pore water expulsion under increasing effective stress, with vertical strain decreasing linearly with the log of time. The secondary consolidation stage involves further volume change due to soil particle rearrangement under constant effective stress, but at a lower rate than before. Finally, in the tertiary consolidation stage, additional volume change occurs from creep or plastic deformation of soil particles under constant effective stress, with vertical strain increasing nonlinearly with the log of time.

4 Consolidation Settlement

Consolidation settlement is the amount of vertical displacement of the soil surface due to consolidation and can be calculated by using the formula S = H0 * (1 + e0) * Cc * log (sigma1 / sigma0). This formula takes into account the initial thickness of the soil layer (H0), its initial void ratio (e0), its compression index (Cc), and the final and initial effective stresses of the soil (sigma1 and sigma0, respectively). By using this formula, you can estimate the amount of consolidation settlement.

5 Consolidation Analysis

Consolidation analysis is the process of predicting the consolidation settlement and the time required for consolidation of a soil layer under a given load. This involves determining the initial and final effective stress from the applied load and groundwater level, as well as calculating the compression index and coefficient of consolidation from the consolidation test or empirical correlations. Additionally, one must calculate the consolidation settlement using a formula, and determine the time needed for a certain degree of consolidation using either the square root of time or log of time methods.