How do you troubleshoot a webcam or microphone?

The first thing to check on the Windows platform (and often overlooked one) would be the privacy settings, which can be accessed (for Windows 10) through: "Start menu" -> "Settings" -> "Privacy" -> "Camera" (or "Microphone") under "App permissions" section. If "Camera access for this device is off" - turn it on, along with "Allow apps" switches. The same goes for the microphone. The next thing to check is whether the devices are installed at all (and enabled). To do this go to "Settings" and then "System" -> "About" -> "Device manager". Or just type "device manager" in search bar :)

In a remote situation the first step to consider is trying to establish a connection with the user who has a problem with their computer, once that's established connecting to the device manager will give you an indication whether the physical device is connected or even detected by the operating system, when it comes to physical devices, Device manager (devmgmt.msc) is the first place to start. There you'll find an indication of connection, driver status, or i/o state. Once you know the physical state you can start checking issues relating to the software and thus configuration.

Check the setting of the application as to which mic or cam is defaulted/associated to. This is the culprit most of the time since maybe you are using an external cam but for instance your laptop has internal camera, and in the case of your mic, you are using a Bluetooth mic, once confirm you in the right default cam and mic, try rebooting it afterwards, and see if it got resolved! Check if mic has physical mute button too! If it still not working, check device manager, see if there is hardware issue related to mic or cam including driver update! If it is not, try uninstalling the driver for both mic and cam, re-install choose the latest version. Run troubleshooting for cam and mic or diagnostic as well and see if there is a specific error.

Ensure another software is not already using webcam or microphone, this happens very often: users having skype open while trying to use Zoom software. Only one device can use webcam/microphone at the same time.

general steps that can be followed in order to troubleshoot a web camera or microphone : 1. Check if the device is properly connected to the computer and turned on. 2. Restart the computer and see if that resolves the issue. 3. Check the settings in the device manager and make sure the device is enabled. 4. Check the settings in the application that you are using the webcam or microphone in and make sure the device is selected as the input device. 5. Update the driver for the webcam or microphone from the manufacturer's website. 6. If the issue persists, try testing the camera or microphone on a different computer to see if it's a problem with the device or the computer.

If you find yourself routinely troubleshooting issues having a "break box" is a handy addition. Not only will it allow you to narrow down variables (does the device in question function on the break but not the users PC? This would lead to it being a user PC issue) but it also allows you to try to replicate errors in a safe environment to start fixing them. In reference to the webcam example, if the webcam has a modular power cable, swap the cable, does that stop it? If not, swap devices and see if it works (this is where a break box comes in handy). Having a known good configuration will always be a very valuable asset in any troubleshooting bag of tricks. It can be thought of as a control group in the experiment to fix the issue.

On Windows, you can open the Device Manager to see if there are any issues with your camera drivers. Update or reinstall the camera driver if necessary. Check Privacy Settings: Ensure that you have granted the necessary permissions to the app you're trying to use. Go to your device's settings and review the app permissions for camera access. Check for Updates.

Another thing to check (Windows platforms) is whether the devices are installed at all. To do this, go to "Settings" and then "System" -> "Information" -> "Device Manager." Or just type "device manager" in the search bar :) You should see the camera under "Imaging devices", and the microphone under "Audio inputs and outputs". Double click the desired device and you should see "This device is working properly." in "Device status" section. Any other information indicates a problem (and usually points to a solution). The absence of a device means that either the device is not detected by the system - or the device driver is not installed (but then it will be visible in the device manager as "unknown device" with a yellow question mark on it).

While doing any troubleshooting, always start with the physical layer first. Check those connections! After you run through that, if there is any complexity in your configuration, eliminate it for troubleshooting reasons, go to the simplest configuration and add complexity back in.

Check if any other applications that might be using the camera are open. This could include video conferencing apps (e.g., Zoom, Skype), streaming apps (e.g., Twitch, OBS), or any other app with camera access. Close or exit these apps properly. Make sure to check the system tray (on Windows) or the taskbar (on macOS) for running background processes. Restart Your Device.