What are some successful strategies for carbon capture and storage field development?

I believe key well engineering considerations for selecting a site for carbon capture & sequestration (CCS) include assessing the geological suitability for long-term CO2 storage, such as porous rock formations capped by impermeable layers. Additionally, the proximity to emission sources to minimize transportation costs & environmental impact is crucial. Understanding the local hydrogeology and potential interactions with existing wells or aquifers is essential to mitigate leakage risks. Furthermore, regulatory compliance and community acceptance are vital factors to address social, environmental, & legal concerns associated with CCS projects & a site characterization & risk assessment are CSF for successful CCS implementation.

Sonia In accordance with the minimum requirements necessary for a successful CO2 storage project (yesterday I was able to attend your excellent presentation). I would add as a critical phase, the quality of the subsurface data, and adequate exploitation practices of the previous hydrocarbon asset. In order to guarantee the environmental assurance of CO2 storage.

Successful carbon capture and storage (CCS) development involves meticulous planning across various aspects. Key strategies include identifying suitable storage sites, deploying efficient capture technologies, ensuring robust transportation infrastructure, and implementing secure monitoring protocols. Clear regulations, stakeholder engagement, and financial incentives drive support and investment. Collaboration fosters innovation, while long-term planning ensures environmental protection beyond project completion. Integrating these strategies is essential for effective CCS deployment and climate change mitigation.

CO2 site selection is a continuation of the screening process, and include technical and non-technical aspects like: - assessment of subsurface data, including seismic data, stratigraphic and structure frameworks, core data in order to identify storage reservoirs and injection zones. It uses existing data to characterise seals,trapping mechanisms - define containment models. - legacy wells and wellbore integrity - injectivity based on any available extraction or injection history in the area, analysis of existing cores and/or hydrological tests - initial assessment of monitoring needs and requirements - assessment of regulatory requirements for exploration, appraisal and site development

For offshore CCS, most of the concern is the selection of storage site. However for onshore, you will also need to deal with routing of the pipeline which potentially affected by public acceptance. Risk of CO2 pipeline failure is totally different from hydrocarbon pipeline, such as crude line which can cause environmental pollution, or gas line which can cause fire/explosion. CO2 pipeline, onshore, if leak will not cause fire, explosion or environmental pollution, however it can cause asphyxiation for the living creature (except plants). Leaked CO2 will stay at low ground level for extended period as its density is higher than average air density. It is also difficult to detect as it does not produce any smell.

CO2 transport of CO2 uses tanks, pipelines and ships for gaseous and liquid carbon dioxide. Liquid CO2 occupies much less volume than its gas form, which is why it is often compressed into a liquid state before transport. Pipelines are the most common method of transporting the very large quantities of CO2 involved in carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects. CO2 pipeline have established minimum specifications for composition. Once the CO2 has been dried (to prevent corrosion) and meets the transportation criteria, the CO2 is measured, compressed and transported to the storage site. Ship transportation is an alternative for many regions around the world without close access to storage. Already in use for transporting small amounts of CO2

Pipeline is currently the most efficient way to transport CO2. To materialize this efficiency, the CO2 shall meet several criteria, such as it need to be dried to a level that condensation will not occur in any stage of operation, including coolest weather or even during shutdown. Having wet condensation in CO2 pipeline is a major threat as it becomes extremely corrosive. The next requirement is that the pressure must be high enough to make the CO2 in dense phase or supercritical region (gas but behave as liquid), which significantly reduce the pressure drop during transportation. The pipeline material shall also be designed to withstand cold temperature (blowdown case) and to have sufficient ductility to resist running ductile fracture.

Transporting CO2 for CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage) entails transferring captured carbon dioxide (CO2) from emission sources like power plants or industrial facilities to storage sites or utilization facilities. This transport is usually conducted using pipelines, ships, or trucks, determined by factors such as distance and CO2 volume

A crucial consideration for CO2 injection is that of phase changes. Particularly when injecting for storage into depleted gas reservoirs, a phase change can occur and can result in significant cooling effects. Care should be taken to ensure that CO2 is at appropriate conditions to prevent stress on the reservoir rocks or injection equipment.

I believe CO2 should be injected in oil reservoirs to improve recovery eventually help environment and economy. Also alternate ways for using CO2 should be adopted, like use in industry for: Construction Materials: CO2 can be used to produce building materials like concrete. Synthetic Fuels: Captured CO2 can be converted into fuels when combined with hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources.

Successful strategies for carbon capture and storage (CCS) field development include: 1. Site Selection 2. Technological Innovation: 3. Integration with Industrial Processes: 4. Policy Support 5. Public Engagement and Stakeholder Collaboration 6. Infrastructure Development 7. Long-Term Monitoring and Verification 8. International Collaboration

Maximum injection rate of CO2 in the storage formation depend of several parameters: - permeability, and thickness (both are related to injectivity) - porosity - relative permeability - formation pressure and temperature - fracture pressure Injector well completion: tubing size Hydro-physical, chemical, and geomechanical processes can be affect injection rates Total CO2 injector wells will be depend of the total amount of carbon dioxide from the emiters and well injectivity

Putting CO2 into the ground is a big part of setting up CCS projects. We do this by pushing CO2 into underground storage areas at the right depths and with the right amount of pressure. We try to do this in a way that stores as much CO2 as possible without causing any problems for the underground storage spots. To make sure everything goes smoothly, we closely watch and control things like how fast we push the CO2 in and how much pressure we use.

Injecting CO2 into oil reservoirs to enhance oil recovery (EOR) has been commercially used for several decades in the petroleum sector. Today, to combat climate change has brought carbon capture and storage (CCS) to the forefront as an emissions mitigation tool, greater attention is being paid to the potential for CO2-EOR to support geological CO2 storage for climate change mitigation. Extending CO2-EOR practice to qualify as CO2 storage can be achieved with adjustments to the design and operations of a CO2-EOR project:: - additional site characterisation and risk assessment - additional monitoring of vented and fugitive emissions - additional subsurface monitoring - changes to field abandonment practices.

EOR is not part of CCS but of CCUS. CO2 is Utilized to enhance oil production. It is not permanent geological storage of CO2. You can have as well EGR, not common these days but may come more popular in the future where CO2 helps to produce more methane. The subsurface conditions will be different as well for EOR as you need to reach a certain pressure for oil miscibility. EOR has its own ISO standard 27916.

EOR in CCS enhances oil recovery using CO2 injection, increasing project profitability, reducing CO2 storage costs, and lowering carbon intensity in oil production, promoting economic and environmental benefits.

Successful strategies for carbon capture and storage (CCS) field development often revolve around technological innovation, rigorous site selection, and effective regulatory frameworks. Leveraging advanced capture technologies such as amine scrubbing or oxyfuel combustion, coupled with efficient transport infrastructure, ensures the reliable capture of carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, careful geological site characterization and monitoring protocols are essential to identify suitable storage formations and ensure long-term containment. Collaborative efforts between governments, industry, and research institutions are crucial for funding, knowledge sharing, and regulatory compliance,

The type of aquifer whether is saline or not. This is because higher saline aquifer are good haven for carbon storage. Carbon dissolves fast in this environment.

It’s obvious that there are many unique aspects to different CCS projects in different part of the world looking at the full CCS value chain from Capturing & extraction, Transportation & gathering network, Storage & Injection, MMV & modelling. However, three key enablers in achieving the success in the projects are the right technological solutions, cost efficiency and required collaboration & business models across the integrated value chain. In addition to that, solid regulation and standardized platforms together with the innovative commercial and business models and government supports and tax/credit regimes are also key enablers for efficient CCS, CCTUS and decarbonization outlook and strategies.

CCS projects face many technical, economic, and regulatory challenges, especially in terms of ensuring the long-term integrity and safety of CO2 storage. A comprehensive monitoring and verification (M&V) plan should be developed and implemented for each CCS project, covering all stages of the project lifecycle, including the post-injection phase. The M&V plan should specify the monitoring techniques, methods, frequency, duration, and reporting procedures that will be used to verify CO2 storage permanence during the post-injection phase. Also define the performance criteria and thresholds that will trigger corrective actions or contingency plans in case of any anomalies or deviations from the expected behaviour of the CO2 plume.

Regulatory and social licenses to operate are critical to CCS success and vary dramatically across jurisdictions and operators. Coupling excellent technical work with excellent communication puts projects on the best footing. Social and regulatory conditions are often dynamic, especially in “new” industries. Regulations and policy are often critical drivers of CCS project economics, underlining the importance of understanding a project’s profitability across a range of potential scenarios that may manifest due to social pressure on regulators and government.

Regulatory is definitely one of the major contributors for the successful implementation of CCS. Clear regulatory requirement, for example in managing safety, reliability and integrity of CO2 pipelines, especially for onshore pipeline will reduce the uncertainty for the developer as well as for public that potentially exposed to the risk if any unfortunate event occur.

One thing i have found helpful in terms of regulatory and social aspect in support for carbon capture and storage technology is the introduction of carbon tax, which in my view, will be a major factor in growth of carbon capture and storage technology as it will expand the carbon credits market and contribute significantly in growth of capital for carbon capture and storage technology. It will be helpful for regulators and CCS technology developers to start developing their capacity in terms of knowledge and technology for efficient and effective carbon credits determination so as to match with pace of carbon capture and storage technology growth.

The level of CCS awareness is still limited in some parts of the world. Africa for instance is yet to fully delve into operational projects. This is due to negative perception of the technology. Additionally, government at all level needs to incentivize CCS and start implementing policies and regulatory frameworks for visible pilot projects.

What remains important particularly in "new" industries is collaboration, knowledge sharing and the promotion of international best practices. True collaboration can aid the development of international standards and protocols where technical, social and regulatory commonalities exist across geographical locations. Knowledge sharing and collaboration across jurisdictions would also help the development and implementation of more robust legislation, more readily identify high-risk environmental concerns and implement tried and tested regulatory and social mitigations.

Another approach to address CO2 emission challenge is through coupled EOR-CO2 storage by mineralization. This involves storing CO2 in depleted oil/gas reservoirs, either in its supercritical form or by transforming it into solid minerals through mineral carbonation to prevent its release into the atmosphere. Carbon mineralization entails injecting CO2 into underground rock formations along with other fluids and/or chemicals. Through a series of geochemical reactions, the injected CO2 interacts with minerals in the rock, leading to its transformation into various solid rock minerals. This effectively immobilizes the CO2 within the geological formation. One of the primary advantages of carbon mineralization is its long-term and safe storage.

To tackle the complexity involved in CCS suffering from transportation, site selection, regulatory issues and many more, after performing some research around nano-condensation of CO2, I have found that, the ultimate solution to capture CO2 in an environmentally-friendly approach, would be to utilize small-scale nanopore stations scattered around the globe. Employment of CO2 solvents such as acetone and ethanol is essential during the process to ensure its immobility. I am still working on it on a daily basis, though.

The business model. The CCS business is closely related to exploration and production activities from a technological standpoint. However, the revenue streams and issues regarding carbon pricing are different. The issue of taxation is quite central in determining the economic viability of CCS activities from the fiscal perspective of the country where CCS activities are located.

Recovery or capturing of lose CO2 to the environment:A unit that considered the recovery or the capture of the CO2 that might be lose to the environment either via injection through faults, valve leakages or generally, accidental lose or gradual CO2 lose overtime needs to be considered in the Field development process.