Part 2 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬- • Allowable CH4 Slip in Process gas outlet at Secondary Reformer • Secondary Reformer Outlet Process Gas Temperature • Temperature of Process Air to Secondary Reformer. • Temperature of Primary Reformer Exit Flue Gas. 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐫 𝐂𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧- • Two types of catalysts are used in Primary Reformer i.e. First the Top Layer catalyst that has Potassium Promoter. And Second Bottom Layer that has Calcium Oxide Promoter. • The effect of a Potassium Promoter on the stability of catalyst and resistance to carbon deposit formation. • CaO-promoted nickel catalysts are recognized to improve thermal stability and resistance to coke during the reforming processes. • Composition of Primary Reformer Top Layer are around - 14% Ni + 1.5 % Potassium + Balance is Alumina Support. • Composition of Primary Reformer Bottom Layer are around – 11% Ni + 12% CaO + Balance is Alumina Support. • Composition of Secondary Reformer Top Layer are around - 9% Ni + Balance is Alumina Support. • Composition ofSecondary Reformer Bottom Layer are around – 9% Ni + 12% CaO + Balance is Alumina Support. 𝑇ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠...
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cost of catalyst used::: nickle normally loading is 0.01%while high pressure reactor the nickel 0.1%This may increase 0.09%nickel loading type catalyst contain 20% nickel Thua loading for two methods are standards recator 0.01/0.2 =0.05×15000/100=2.5kg/Batch HP reactor 0.1/0.2=0.5*15000/100=75kg/Batch if catalyst cost is 10 dollar/kg then the differential cost =(75_25)*10/15000=0.03dollar/kg higher oil loss in spent catalyst in hydrogenation:::;; The spent catalyst hass approx 33%oil absorbed in it.This oil is lost in spent catalyst.Norammly 0.1% filter aid is used to improve filterability. Therefore the batches of 15000kg of oil,amount of oil loss in spend catalyst is : catalyst +filter filter aid =75+15=90kg oil absorbed =90*0.33=29.7kg
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Material selection for propylene spherical storage tanks, & FAIL-SAFE concept for propylene spherical tanks of PDH Plant (Part-3)
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Material selection for propylene spherical storage tanks, & FAIL-SAFE concept for propylene spherical tanks of PDH Plant (Part-1)
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Why methanol crackers used in continuous mesh belt furnace? Why not in SQF? In continuous mesh belt furnace parts move through the furnace continuously, without interruption. So, the atmosphere to be maintained stable to achieve consistent output. If the atmosphere is generated inside the furnace (like in a sealed quench furnace), there may be local variations in gas composition, carbon potential within the process zones of the furnace. In sealed quench furnaces (SQF),when new batch is loaded temperature comes down and methanol& Nitrogen flows from 720°C. So, it has enough time to cracked directly inside the furnace based on the process requirements. Methanol cracker: Methanol is injected into the cracker in a controlled manner through specialized nozzles and nitrogen too. The temperature of the retort maintained in the range of 950°C helps to produce CO& H2. Stationary blades in the methanol cracker: 1) It serve a crucial role in creating turbulence within the cracker. Turbulence ensures that the gas mixture is evenly distributed, allowing uniform cracking reactions. 2) Blades act as fins or surfaces that promote heat conduction, ensuring that heat is transferred uniformly across retort. 3) In a methanol cracker, hot spots can result in localized overheating, leading to the formation of unwanted by-products like soot. Cold spots can prevent complete cracking, leaving unreacted methanol. Stationary blades reduce these issues by ensuring an even heat distribution across the entire cracker. share your views.
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Ceramic Ball Loading Activity overview Ceramic ball loading is a process involved in various industrial applications, primarily within the chemical and petrochemical industries. It typically involves the careful and controlled introduction of ceramic balls into a specific vessel or reactor. Key Purposes of Ceramic Ball Loading: Catalyst Support: Ceramic balls often serve as a support structure for catalysts, providing a stable environment for chemical reactions to occur. Heat Transfer: The high thermal conductivity of ceramic balls can help to improve heat transfer within a reactor, ensuring efficient process operation. Mass Transfer: Ceramic balls can enhance mass transfer by increasing the surface area available for contact between reactants. Structural Support: In some cases, ceramic balls may be used to provide structural support within a vessel or reactor.
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summary on primary reformer catalyst loading activity empty space 11% from tube Length top layer 36%from tube Length 18%wt ni =higher methane concentration , higher rate 1.5% potash K2O = promot gasification reaction or carbon formation reverse reaction 19*12 size= higher rigidity CaK2Al22O34 =higher temperature temperature dwon layer 53% from tube Length 14%wt ni = lower methane concentration 19*16 size= lower conversation rate , increase surface area CaAl12O19 = lower temperature loading technologies Unidense catalyst loading and soak catalyst loading are two methods used to introduce catalyst particles into a reactor vessel. Here's a brief comparison: Unidense Catalyst Loading Achieves a more uniform, dense packing of catalyst particles and insured completely homogeneous bed. Increasing performance, life cycle ( catalyst and tube ) and product yield Reduce the risk of channelling, loading time and soft border formation Can lead to increased catalyst loading compared to sock loading by ~20% 25% by volume May not result in a significant pressure drop despite higher density. Soak Catalyst Loading Traditional method where catalyst is poured into the reactor and allowed to settle under gravity. Results in a less uniform distribution of catalyst particles. Less catalyst can be loaded compared to unidense loading.
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Useful informations for reformer catalyst loading .
summary on primary reformer catalyst loading activity empty space 11% from tube Length top layer 36%from tube Length 18%wt ni =higher methane concentration , higher rate 1.5% potash K2O = promot gasification reaction or carbon formation reverse reaction 19*12 size= higher rigidity CaK2Al22O34 =higher temperature temperature dwon layer 53% from tube Length 14%wt ni = lower methane concentration 19*16 size= lower conversation rate , increase surface area CaAl12O19 = lower temperature loading technologies Unidense catalyst loading and soak catalyst loading are two methods used to introduce catalyst particles into a reactor vessel. Here's a brief comparison: Unidense Catalyst Loading Achieves a more uniform, dense packing of catalyst particles and insured completely homogeneous bed. Increasing performance, life cycle ( catalyst and tube ) and product yield Reduce the risk of channelling, loading time and soft border formation Can lead to increased catalyst loading compared to sock loading by ~20% 25% by volume May not result in a significant pressure drop despite higher density. Soak Catalyst Loading Traditional method where catalyst is poured into the reactor and allowed to settle under gravity. Results in a less uniform distribution of catalyst particles. Less catalyst can be loaded compared to unidense loading.
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shell and tube condenser is a type of heat exchanger commonly used in various industries for condensing vapor into liquid. This design consists of a series of tubes enclosed within a cylindrical shell. The vapor to be condensed is typically introduced into the shell, while a cooling medium (such as water or another coolant) flows through the tubes. The design is highly efficient and versatile, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. Here's an overview of the working principle, advantages, and applications of shell and tube #Graphite heat exchanger #chemical equipment #silicon carbide #anticorrosive #acid corrosive #Environmental protection #chemicalindustry #bio-pharmaceuticals
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Do you know why degassing is important in metallurgy?
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