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What does IS Code 1489 (Part 1) :1991 says regarding PPC Here are the most important points from IS 1489 (Part 1): 1991 for Portland pozzolana cement (fly ash-based) Composition: Fly Ash: * This type of cement includes fly ash, which is a byproduct of burning pulverized coal in electric power generating plants. Portland Cement Clinker: * Mixed with fly ash to create Portland pozzolana cement. Physical Requirements: Fineness: * The cement must be finely ground. It should have a specific surface area not less than 300 square meters per kilogram. Setting Time: * The initial setting time should not be less than 30 minutes, and the final setting time should not be more than 600 minutes. Soundness: * The cement should not expand more than 10 mm when subjected to the Le-Chatelier method, ensuring it remains stable and durable. Compressive Strength: * After 3, 7, and 28 days of curing, the minimum compressive strength should be 16, 22, and 33 MPa (megapascals) respectively. Chemical Requirements: Loss on Ignition (LOI): * This should not exceed 5%, indicating minimal impurities and ensuring the quality of cement. Magnesium Oxide (MgO): * Should not be more than 6%, as higher content can cause unsoundness in the cement. Sulphuric Anhydride (SO3): * Should not exceed 3%, as it can affect the durability and setting time. Alkali Content: * The sodium oxide equivalent should not be more than 0.6%, to prevent alkali-aggregate reaction. Testing Methods: * The code specifies various tests to ensure the quality and performance of the cement, such as fineness testing, setting time determination, soundness test, and compressive strength test. #PortlandPozzolanaCement #FlyAshCement #SustainableConstruction #GreenBuildingMaterials #CementIndustry #ConcreteTechnology

Maximum capacity...!! The nominal capacity (length and diameter) of the rotary kiln is based on the optimum clinker quality and the physical-chemical characteristics of the raw materials; Also, well as the operational and technical conditions, allowing the client to fulfill their business strategy. The set of parameters generates a calculation formula that allows knowing the volumetric load of the rotary kiln. We want to make the most of the productive capacity of the kiln, not letting it work with either a lack or an excess of material, which can affect the quality of the product and increase operating costs. Of course, this volumetric capacity goes hand in hand with the intensity and thermal efficiency of the main burner. Take a look at the infographic...!! You will see the formula I use to calculate the volumetric load of the rotary kiln (The data in the formula are examples, therefore, they do not represent referential values or our recommendation). The recommendation is that only trained and authorized process and operations technicians perform calculations and adjustments for the rotary kiln. You will learn relevant technical and historical facts about the development of cement rotary kilns in the webbook "𝗜𝗹𝗹𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗲" by Rainer Nobis (translated into Spanish by Juan Ortega). ICC specialists have extensive experience in management, operation, processes, and maintenance. We help our clients achieve operational excellence, increase productivity, reduce the consumption of thermal and electrical energy, reduce carbon emissions, reduce the clinker factor, etc. We also recommend products, services, technologies, and solutions from partner companies for cement, lime, and related plants. For more information on ICC and the cement history, clink on the links and contact us. https://lnkd.in/dfz49RFP - 𝗜𝗖𝗖 𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁𝘀 https://lnkd.in/eHzm8g_W - 𝗖𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 #INfluenCement ICC Independent Cement Consultants ICC Independent Cement Consultants (Brazil/LATAM)

The increasing use of alternative fuels in #cement production has led to increased wear on kiln refractories. Infiltration of sulphur oxides, alkali sulphates, and chlorides require more frequent attention to the state of the refractory to ensure continued safe operation of the kiln line. 💡 Larry Morley, Applications Manager for HarbisonWalker International, highlighted this topic recently in the #May issue of the International Cement Review. ⬇ Click below for the full article, where Larry discusses first understanding the wear, planning ahead, and using research-based support to cement operators across the globe. 🔗 https://lnkd.in/eucQfKQB #thinkHWI #wearecalderys #innovation #refractories

Changing fuels = changing refractory wear! Interesting read from Larry Morley.

Hardened Concrete Analysis Chemical analysis of hardened concrete can provide a wealth of information about the mix constituents and possible causes of deterioration. Standard methods can be used to find the cement content and original water/cement ratio, but many other properties can also be established. Cement Content and Aggregate Cement Ratio can be carried out using the method given in BS1881:1988 and can include chloride, sulfate, and alkali metals on either a general sample or a matrix-rich sample (a hand-separated sample rich in cement). The water/Cement Ratio is determined using a method based on BS1881:1988 and involves measuring the sample's capillary porosity and cement content. Find out more about Hardened Concrete Analysis: https://lnkd.in/dZjfCVHN #concrete #concretetesting #concreteconsultancy #chemicaltesting

Cement kilns are crucial in the cement manufacturing process. They play a key role in transforming raw materials like (limestone, clay, and iron ... ) into the final product, cement clinker. Operating at high temperatures, typically around 1450°C, inside the kiln, these materials undergo complex chemical reactions and form new compounds. The hot gases produced during the process are commonly used to heat materials in the kiln efficiently. Through careful control and monitoring, cement kilns can ensure the quality and consistency of the cement produced, making them an essential component of the cement industry.

The key performance indicators (KPIs) commonly used to monitor cement quality in the industry include: 1. Compressive Strength: - Measures the ability of cement to withstand compressive forces, a critical property for concrete applications. - Evaluated at different curing ages (e.g., 7 days, 28 days) to assess early and long-term strength development. 2. Setting Time: - Measures the time taken for the cement paste to transition from a fluid to a hardened state. - Ensures the cement sets within the desired timeframe for construction activities. 3. Soundness: - Evaluates the cement's ability to maintain volume stability and prevent undesirable expansion after hardening. - Helps detect the presence of free lime or magnesia, which can cause volume changes. 4. Fineness: - Measures the surface area of cement particles, which affects the rate of hydration and early strength development. - Ensures the cement is ground to the appropriate fineness for the desired performance. 5. Chemical Composition: - Monitors the proportions of key oxides (e.g., CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3) that determine the cement's mineralogical composition and properties. - Ensures the cement meets the required chemical specifications. 6. Consistency Index: - Measures the variation in cement properties within a production batch or across different batches. - Helps maintain consistent cement quality and performance. 7. Clinker Quality: - Tracks the properties of the clinker (the primary ingredient of cement) to ensure it meets the desired specifications. - Includes parameters like burnability, free lime content, and mineral composition. These KPIs are commonly measured and monitored by cement manufacturers, quality control laboratories, and research institutions to ensure the production of high-quality cement that meets industry standards and customer requirements. #highquality #decarbonization #sustainability #durablity #cement #innovation #highperformance

The Lime Saturation Factor (LSF) in cement production depends on several factors and parameters, including: Chemical Composition of Raw Materials: The LSF is primarily influenced by the chemical composition of the raw materials used in cement manufacturing, especially the limestone content. Limestone Content: Limestone is a key ingredient in cement production, and its proportion relative to other raw materials affects the LSF. Higher limestone content leads to a higher LSF. Calculation Formula: The LSF is calculated using the formula: LSF = (CaO / (2.8 * SiO2 + 1.2 * Al2O3 + 0.65 * Fe2O3)), where CaO is the lime content, and SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 are the silica, alumina, and iron oxide contents, respectively. Quality Control: Maintaining consistent and appropriate levels of raw materials is essential for controlling the LSF and ensuring the quality of the final cement product. Process Optimization: Cement manufacturers may adjust the proportions of raw materials and optimize production processes to achieve the desired LSF and meet specific quality standards. #cement #LSF #chemistry #linkedin

Alumina castable is a type of refractory castable material primarily composed of alumina (Al₂O₃) that is used in various high-temperature industrial applications. It is designed to withstand extreme temperatures, mechanical stress, and chemical attack, making it suitable for use in furnaces, kilns, incinerators, and other high-temperature processing equipment. 一、Composition and Types 1.High-Alumina Castable Alumina Content: Typically contains 50% to 90% alumina. Binders: Calcium aluminate cement is commonly used as a binder. Other types may use phosphate or silica as binders. Aggregates and Fillers: Often include alumina aggregates (tabular alumina, white fused alumina) and fillers like calcined bauxite, kaolin, or mullite. 2.Low Cement Castable (LCC) Reduced Cement Content: Contains a lower amount of calcium aluminate cement, which improves refractoriness and reduces the presence of free lime, minimizing hydration issues. Enhanced Properties: Offers higher density, lower porosity, and improved mechanical strength compared to conventional high-alumina castables. 3.Ultra-Low Cement Castable (ULCC) Minimal Cement: Contains even less cement than LCCs, resulting in further improved thermal and mechanical properties. Advanced Additives: Incorporates advanced additives and bonding agents to enhance performance. 4.Self-Flowing Castable Easy Installation: Designed to have good flow characteristics, allowing for easy installation without the need for vibration. 二、Properties of Alumina Castables 1.High Refractoriness 2.Mechanical Strength 3.Thermal Shock Resistance 4.Chemical Resistance 5.Low Porosity 6.Ease of Installation 三、Applications of Alumina Castables 1.Steel Industry：Ladles and Tundishes、Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) 2.Cement Industry：Rotary Kilns、Preheaters and Calciners 3.Petrochemical Industry：Fluidized Bed Reactors 4.Incinerators：Waste Incineration 5.Foundries：Furnace Linings 6.Glass Industry：Regenerators and Recuperators amy@justhigh.com.cn #castable #refractory